Posted by sunny27 on Oct 20, 2009
Lead battery raw materials, export tax rebate cancellation price of a call
In early November last year, the domestic market lead prices up to 15.3 thousand yuan / ton. According to Apple Battery statistics, in 2006 the average price of domestic refined lead is about 12,111 yuan / ton, up 29.3 percent from a year earlier, in recent months, the price of lead is still in an upward trend.
Experts believe that higher prices lead to lead three main factors: First, the West lead the market balance; second inventory; 3 is due to abolition of refined lead in China’s export tax rebate policy.
Raw materials, competition is still fierce A1008, A1012
China’s refined lead production was mainly native lead, the proportion of Secondary Lead is not large, so concentrate smelting enterprises assurance of supply is particularly important. The past two years, more of China’s new capacity, raw materials has become fierce competition. In 2006, China 60% lead concentrate grade average price of 9417 yuan / ton, up 27.7% year on year.
In 2006, China’s output of the top 20 of the refined lead production enterprises in Henan Yuguang Gold & Lead Group Co., Ltd. with 28.8 million tonnes of production continued to rank first. Production change was more lead-zinc Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province, the mine does not produce refined lead until it is 100% holding in 2006, non-ferrous metal company in Yunnan, Li-Xin has 60,000 tons of lead and 100,000 tons crude power of lead capacity. Aggregate point of view, the top 20 corporate share of total lead increased from 57.7% in 2005 to 53.4%, non-large-scale mining and lead smelters cut production sharply higher prices to stimulate the widespread expansion of small enterprises A1022, A1039, resulting in the production concentration degree decline.
Battery demand areas
In addition, the lead up was also due to lead in major areas of consumption still retains its strong momentum. China’s lead consumption, mainly in the field of lead-acid batteries. In 2006 China’s share of lead in lead-acid battery consumption of the proportion of total consumption is about 72%. The field of lead-acid battery of final consumption mainly in three areas: the automotive sector (excluding agricultural vehicles, military vehicles, etc.), electric vehicle field and the export of lead-acid batteries.
With China’s rapid economic development, refined lead most of the major areas of consumption will remain a good momentum, but because of the export tax rebate abolition of lead-acid batteries, lead-acid battery exports will be affected. Therefore, the refined lead consumption growth can not keep up with the increase in production, China will have more refined lead for export. Some experts expect China’s refined lead production in 2007 will be 305 million tons, consumption of 2.45 million tons or so, the net exports of refined lead volume will reach 55 million tons. However, due to high cost and refined lead abolished export tax rebates, export prices have risen. With the continuous expansion of production A1057, A1060 capacity, ore will be more intense competition, in 2007 China’s refined lead production costs will be maintained at a high level.
Forecast a modest decline in price will lead
It was also predicted that the last two years of lead prices rose sharply depleted global stocks of lead, LME inventories have reached a very low historical levels. End of 2006, LME stocks at 4 million tons, which is the lowest level since 1990. In the dealers and manufacturers have very low inventory situation, the global lead in inventory to return to historically normal levels and also take some time in 2007 will not be much increase in inventories of lead.
Some experts have analyzed China’s refined lead exports are expected to continue to increase, while the West supply gap is gradually narrowing, therefore, the supply of the West in 2007 the level of tension will be eased, the global refined lead will occur a certain amount of surplus is expected in 2007 the world’s refined lead surplus of 117,000 tons.
By the end of 2006, lead prices rose more than other basic metals rose, the fund of lead A1061 will not be much interest in the market. Therefore, LME lead prices is expected in 2007 showed an overall downward trend.
2007 domestic lead prices will also follow the international price fluctuations, as a falling dollar and the yuan’s appreciation, the ratio of domestic prices began to shrink in 2006 has dropped to 9.4 or so. Is therefore expected that in 2007 the average price of domestic lead 12.4 thousand yuan / tons.
Stationed in the emerging energy industry Caohejing Development Zone
Suntech solar cell manufacturing base in Shanghai Caohejing Development Zone, Pujiang Hi-Tech Park as the foundation, according to Vice Mayor Hu attended the ceremony. The base invested 300 million U.S. dollars, will develop and produce a new generation of silicon thin-film solar cells. The first 60 MW production line put into operation by mid 2010, will form a 400-megawatt production capacity.
New battery technology and emission regulations are expected to lift the ban of electric vehicles
The development process in the automobile industry, people considering the development of electric vehicles for some time. Many manufacturers have been tested in some occasions, electric cars, but most have reached the same conclusion: they do not provide the required functionality and flexibility, but A1078, A1079 they are wrong.
The volatile political situation in Europe and North America, prompting governments must develop a more attractive alternative power systems. In the bustling city center, such as toll roads and on heavily polluting vehicles, the increase in emissions from motor vehicles tax and other measures, have all contributed to the driver began to seriously consider their choice of vehicles.
However, most of these management measures, is not bound by those using carbon-free power systems of motor vehicles. Rising fuel prices, also makes a substitute for conventional gasoline engines look more attractive.
South Korea put an end to China’s alkaline manganese batteries of anti-dumping sunset review
Korea Trade Commission, recently wrote to my Economic and Commercial Counselor at the Embassy in South Korea, said, because the applicants withdrew their applications, the Commission on April 23, 2007 the Ministry of Finance and Economy Republic of Korea decided to recommend the termination of the originating base in Singapore and China manganese batteries (LR03, LR06 type) anti-dumping sunset review. The case on November 16, 1999 filing, April 15, 2000 final ruling taxation, in August 2006 to launch a second sunset review of anti-dumping investigation.
Posted by sunny27 on Oct 20, 2009
Electronic pulse technology allows batteries “life extension” 1-3 times more
An electric bicycle Digital Camera Battery can charge and discharge of about 300 times, but in general when the charge-discharge capacity of 100 began to decay. Reporter learned yesterday from the Nanjing University, the school of experts developed a new method, through the electronic pulse can effectively remove the battery sulfide crystals, “activate” the old batteries, extending battery life 1-3 times.
According to reports, lead-acid batteries used in electric vehicles, the internal due to repeated charge-discharge will produce sulfide crystals, the use of time, significantly lower than the design life is generally about a year to be replaced batteries, replacement battery down the improper disposal can cause environmental pollution . Nanjing University of experts using a dedicated integrated circuit, electronic pulses and other technologies can effectively clear the DSLR Battery Grip internal sulfide crystals, so that gradually the old battery is activated, driving the distance increases. This technology also enables a new battery to maintain “clean” state, greatly extending battery life.
Wuxi, China’s largest production base of electric bicycles
May 10 electricity, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province with an annual output of more than 350 million vehicle to become China’s largest production base of electric bicycles are full of local characteristics of the formation of the advantages of industry.
Xishan District, Wuxi City, deputy head, said Zhang Hong-xin, 2006, Xishan produced a total of 3.5 million electric bicycles, accounting for nearly a quarter of national output, production value of more than 100 billion yuan, and has large economic volume, advantages corporate multi – the development of fast Canon EOS 450D Battery Grip, industrial chain length and other characteristics, becoming a major pillar of the local industry, providing a large number of jobs.
It is, at present, electric bicycle driven by lead-acid batteries, used batteries, if throw misplacing, adverse impact on the environment. In order to solve this problem, Wuxi City, electric bicycle manufacturers in cooperation with Tsinghua University, and vigorously carry out technological innovations and began production of new lithium battery, and undertake all kinds of battery recycling and reuse, not only lightened the burden on consumers, but also reduce resource and energy consumption, the effective protection of the environment.
In order to promote the healthy development of electric bicycle industry in the Asia-Pacific Society of electric vehicles, the National Electric Vehicle Testing Center, China Bicycle Association, and other units will be held June 1 held in Wuxi city, electric bicycle products exhibitions and industry forums. There will be hundreds of companies participating at home and abroad, and seek common development plan electric bicycles.
Hydrogen fuel cell bus trial run in Pudong nearly 4 million worth of Canon EOS 500D Battery Grip money each
Yesterday, a light blue body of the bus quietly docked at the Science and Technology Museum subway station exit, car head screamed “hydrogen fuel cell city bus.” This is the city’s first hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, buses, as “Pudong Science and Technology Festival” exhibition is to promote one of the items Zuoqi to 13 days, the vehicle hydrogen fuel cell buses for the public to experience the opening of free shuttle bus.
The new buses do not have noise
Yesterday afternoon, the emergence of the car suddenly aroused a lot of people’s curiosity, on-site person in charge of a Shi Tao patiently to answer public questions, “This is a new type of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, now open from here to Pudong Exhibition free shuttle bus, to try it. ”
Reporter with a group of people boarded the car, pre-empt Guoba Yin. Car running smoothly with no
There are the usual noise, can only hear the slight friction with the ground tire sound Canon EOS 1000D Battery Grip, you can easily answer the cell phone, do not need to speak loudly.
Press to see the whole design of the car can be described as a “heavy bodies.” The scene, Shi Tao to open the trunk of the car, pointing to a box-shaped cells block the two told reporters, “This is the hydrogen fuel cells, is the use of hydrogen and oxygen generation to produce electricity, and then converted to kinetic energy, the car’s exhaust than fuel emissions, but the water. “Sure enough, the reporter saw the rear of the car has a small tube, cemented drop vapor discharged from here.
Nearly 4 million worth of money each
Do not underestimate the hydrogen fuel buses, it’s “worth” almost four million yuan Nikon D40 Battery Grip. “This is the first a hydrogen fuel cell bus is to use ordinary buses transformation, the car’s ‘heart’ high-tech and high, so cost is very expensive.”
According to report, because the cost of investment is too large, the promotion of hydrogen fuel buses have encountered some resistance, such as the construction of a hydrogen refueling station, in accordance with relevant provisions of the hydrogen refueling station within 20 meters around the buildings, etc. must be free, it a certain extent, limit the development of such buses in the domestic popularity still needs some time.
It is reported that by the end of June this year, the first hydrogen-fuel vehicles, buses air-conditioned car will be exported Nikon D40X Battery Grip abroad.
Posted by sunny27 on Oct 20, 2009
So that carbon-zinc batteries withdraw from the market to fill the “ecological compensation” dead ends
Recently, the “ecological compensation” term for many Digital Camcorder Battery experts and scholars as well as the work of the government in the key word. The so-called eco-compensation refers to the eco-service beneficiaries of ecosystem services providers given financial compensation. The establishment of ecological compensation mechanism means that environments from the “priceless” to “has a price.” But in fact, a major ecological projects (such as rivers, forests, etc.) can use the “ecological compensation” approach to achieve effective control, but another important source of environmental pollution, it is usually not attracted much attention of the domestic pollution, such as discarded batteries, Waste ink cartridges, disposable plastic bags. It is understood that people’s lives are often used in carbon-zinc batteries (commonly known as ordinary zinc-manganese batteries, high-power battery, high capacity batteries, etc.) because of higher levels of mercury, mixed with garbage after use with the landfill, or throw the battery in the The mercury will infiltrate the soil, polluting groundwater, and then into the fish, crops, crimes against humanity living environment and health. It is understood that a battery-generated hazardous substances can contaminate 600,000 liters of water, equivalent to a person’s life, the amount of drinking water: a rot in the ground in a square on the 1st battery can be swallowed
Meters of land, and can cause permanent pollution. Therefore, how they deal with scientific and rational environmental protection is the government and experts have been troubled by problems.
Two year period, the local, national over NPC Digital Camera Battery deputies and CPPCC National Committee members have carried out this proposal. Wang Ping, the CPPCC members that the key to solve the battery problem of pollution is the “inter-departmental joint enforcement, comprehensive restrictions on the production and sale of mercury-containing carbon-zinc batteries.” Meanwhile, the need to “strengthen the environmental publicity and increase the battery environmental propaganda.” In addition to Wang Ping, the NPC deputies from the Shantou Lin source of used batteries has also put forward their own proposals. In the earlier parts of the two sessions, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places where representatives of the used batteries made their views.
Alkaline manganese batteries (commonly known as alkaline batteries), its mercury content less than 0.0001% weight of the cell, with the mercury inside the soil is very close, almost without causing pollution of the environment, no recovery, you can live with the garbage. This also makes the development trend of global battery. 1996 United States federal law enacted in “mercury-containing batteries and rechargeable battery management approach” explicitly provides that prohibit the sale of mercury-containing zinc-manganese batteries; the European Union in March 1991 and 1998 has issued an order that the sale of mercury in the EU ban 0.0005% greater than the quality of the Casio Battery cell.
In China is also on the mercury-free batteries was well established. In December 1997, China Light Industry Association, the National Environmental Protection Bureau jointly issued by nine ministries and commissions “on the restriction of the provisions of mercury batteries,” request “from January 1, 2002 onwards, to prohibit distribution in the domestic market of Class mercury content greater than 0.025% weight of the battery cell. “Chinese Battery Association has also announced the end of October 2006 Nanfu mercury-free batteries, etc. 11″ green alkaline manganese battery “list. However, the practical implementation of the provisions of the obstacles they face excessive mercury is still a large proportion of carbon. According to statistics, as of the end of 2006, the domestic proportion of mercury-free alkaline batteries is only 20% did not achieve the “Tenth Five-Year Plan” in the 30% target. Experts said, so that carbon-zinc batteries delisting from the source to control the flow of carbon-zinc batteries, the battery will help to solve environmental issues, thus contributing to the improvement of ecological environment in Casio NP-100 China as a whole.
Alone a solar panel will be able to cross the Atlantic!
May 8, the whole solar-powered catamaran vessel “Sun 21″ are approaching New York, Manhattan. “The Sun 21″ on October 16, 2006 set sail from the pier in Basel, Switzerland to the United States, New York, began the first trans-Atlantic journey. The ship 12 tons of weight, 14-meter-long ship is a top-60 Casio NP-20 square meters of solar panels for the hull of the two engines to provide energy.
Dross to get essence of new filtering technology to enhance the efficiency of fuel cells
Taiwan’s scientists have recently invented a new method can greatly improve the efficiency of fuel cells.
It is reported that Taiwan’s National Tsing Hua University, a research team has developed a new filtering technology, you can clear out methanol fuel cell (DMFC) in some of the by-products, thereby enhancing its operational efficiency, while eliminating the extra power Casio NP-30, Casio NP-40. As the catalytic reaction of methanol does not require complicated, dangerous to store than hydrogen easier, and therefore very suitable for DMFC for portable electronic devices provide energy, but due to the oxidation of fuel will produce carbon dioxide and other byproducts of power generation efficiency of methanol has been not very ideal.
National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan, researchers have produced such a filter is expected to solve the problem. This passive filter is equipped with about 100 50-micron-sized holes can be carbon dioxide and other waste discharged into the atmosphere, but also covered by a layer of water-resistant Teflon (PTFE), can take away moisture at the same time does not affect the DMFC valuable energy Casio NP-L7 output.
Posted by sunny27 on Oct 17, 2009
Thin-film solar cell demand growth will be twice as much silicon cells
The U.S. semiconductor manufacturing equipment Digital Camcorder Battery maker Applied Materials (Applied Materials) Solar Energy Department recently predicted that offset the price advantage due to their lack of efficiency, the market for thin-film solar cell demand growth rate will be twice the conventional silicon solar cells.
Last year, the total generating capacity of solar cells is 1,800 MW, of which glass panels of solar cells accounted for about 10%.
However, the glass panels of solar cells using relatively inexpensive price, the technology is gaining more supporters. This thin-film solar cell is a high-level multi-layer glass substrate followed by deposition of thin films constitute a more photovoltaic devices.
Applied Materials Solar Business Unit general manager of Charles Gay says: “I think the growth rate of thin-film solar cells are crystalline silicon solar cells will be twice as much, or even more than twice as much.”
Charles Gay told Reuters in an interview said: “The thin-film solar cell efficiency has been improving this technology appeared not long, we are still in a learning stage.”
Applied Materials is the world’s largest chip equipment supplier, does not Digital Camera Battery produce its own solar cells, but the sales of equipment used to produce solar cells. Applied Materials CEO Mike Splinter said the company plans in 2010 to 500 million U.S. dollars sales of solar cell production equipment.
This is the company’s sales of 9.2 billion U.S. dollars last year, is probably nothing, but it is a growing area. Applied Materials main client is the chip maker and the market growth rate of demand for chips has been reduced to 8-9% or so.
Gay is expected in 2010 solar energy industry will increase by about 7,500 megawatts of generating capacity, while the adequate installation of equipment will increase the overall generating capacity of about 2,000 megawatts.
Applied Materials, put forward 500 million U.S. dollars in solar cell manufacturing equipment sales target, which means that it will market the solar cell manufacturing equipment occupies 17% share.
Production of new energy vehicles will be rule-based
In the future, not all companies involved in production of new energy vehicles. Recently, the State Development and Reform Commission announced a “new energy vehicles access to the management of production rules (draft)” (hereinafter referred to as “draft”), clear access to the threshold of new energy Canon Battery automobile production to allow enterprises to expand production of new energy vehicles The first rules to follow.
A clear definition of the concept of new energy vehicles
The National Development and Reform Commission issued a “draft” on the R & D and production of new energy vehicles will no doubt play a catalytic role, but a clear access to the production threshold, “Development and Reform Commission to obtain a license before being eligible for access to the production . ” “Draft” and also clarified the concept of new energy vehicles, that is, new energy vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles (including solar cars), fuel cell electric vehicles, other new energy sources (such as super capacitors, flywheels and other high-performance storage device) and automobile.
Manage different at different stages of
In addition, the “draft” new energy vehicles will be divided into initial stage where the development period, three different stages of technology maturity, and to take a different approach to management. Initial stage where products can only be carried out trial production of small quantities, and the approved area, under the terms and conditions of demonstration runs; development stage product allows for mass production, only in areas approved the sale, use; mature products and conventional vehicles management of product announcements the same way, in the sale and use of motor vehicles on the road the same as conventional.
Valve-regulated lead-acid battery business forum held in prices to reach a consensus
Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries should be member of the emergency request Canon NB-2L, the Chinese chemical and physical power industry associations on March 22 in Changsha organized by some member of the principal leaders of the valve-regulated lead-acid battery business forum. Manufacturers to participate in dual board of Jiangsu, Shandong Sheng Yang, Shenzhen LEOCH, Shandong, China Japan, Harbin Guangyu, windsurfing shares, Shanghai Fuhua, Fung Japanese electrical, Wuhan, long light, Xinxiang Taihang so.
Delegates cited the production costs and selling prices, profits, large amounts of data, analysis of the product technology status and the level of internal management of enterprises, exchange the current in the procurement and sales areas of our mode of operation and competition, but also comparing similar foreign imports product prices. So far in 2006, lead prices from less than 10,000 yuan per ton, soaring to 15,000 yuan, tin, copper, sulfuric acid, engineering plastics are also great prices and wage costs for employees, environmental protection and management costs are also a marked increase in sales of payment arrears is an undisputed fact, coupled with the area of sales of non-standardized operation of enterprises deterioration of the living environment. At present, China Communications with the valve-regulated lead-acid battery production technology is relatively mature, the cost of lead has been steady at 70% of the total cost of the battery level, which for the cost of raw material price fluctuations brought about change is already very clear.
It was agreed that the communication with the valve-regulated lead-acid battery field, production enterprises and the user should face up to the purchaser of the current severe situation, must be shared objective of the consequences of changes in cost to get win-win situation, so that the common prosperity Canon NB-2LH and development of the industry chain. The participants exchange, discussion and analysis of lead-acid battery costs, market, technological developments, based on the consensus reached by the following:
1, the lead-acid battery manufacturers in product prices last year, based on the prices of 15%;
2, the current communication with the battery ex-factory price should not be less than 1.49 / AH (2V);
3, taking into account changes in market factors, the proposed price of each float 10 percent of lead, battery float prices 5% to 7%, all enterprises and make proper adjustment of product prices.
4, the price adjustment from the March 22, 2007 started.
Association for its members to strengthen industrial self-discipline, promotion and recognition of the legal standard operation to condemn and stop the malicious competition, and strive together to create a harmonious environment for enterprise development; to continue to strengthen technological innovation, and actively improve or upgrade its internal management.
Market News: After soaring nickel prices plummeted brewing?
Since mid-February, has been steadily rising nickel prices rally even more crazy, LME nickel price was once nearly 5 million / ton astronomical, but also so that nickel prices rose nearly 5 years, a staggering 7 times.
The skyrocketing price of nickel has begun and nickel touched a deep nerve-related business. On the one hand, high nickel prices have made of nickel producers felt “mad”, a number of important domestic nickel production companies began to express concerns about the outlook for nickel prices; the other hand, Canon NB-3L high nickel prices also made of nickel consumption, companies felt the pinch, particularly nickel costs accounted for 65% of the stainless steel production enterprises greatly affected.
Crazy nickel price
From mid-April 2006 has been, LME nickel market began to steadily increasing, from 15,000 U.S. dollars / ton, all the way up to 48.5 thousand U.S. dollars / ton, an increase of 2.2 times. In particular, in mid-February this year to March 19, nickel prices even more, such as the Pretty Horses, from 35,000 U.S. dollars / ton up to 48,000 U.S. dollars / ton. Non-ferrous metals industry, said the rise in nickel prices since last year, increased by large, fast up speed, are a new record.
However, in March 19 in the future, LME nickel price start to correct. As of March 26 closing, nickel prices have dropped to 41.8 thousand U.S. dollars / ton, the day down 7.37%. But the March 26 varieties of China’s major non-ferrous metals show the most recent reference pricing, trading for a # in Shanghai reached 417 thousand yuan nickel Quote / t -42 yuan / ton, equivalent to U.S. dollars more than 50,000 U.S. dollars / ton.
As China’s nickel industry, a major listed company — Jean-nickel industry, the secondary market in February this year, the trend also reflects the surge in nickel prices, its stock from early February to 22 yuan or so along the way early in March rose to nearly 39 per .
For the current round of rising nickel prices, the nation’s largest nickel producer Jinchuan Nickel Group — on its Web Canon NB-4L Canon NB-5H site said in public that the rise in nickel prices is non-rational rose, demonstrating his concern for soaring nickel prices.
Downstream firms complained
Although the nickel producers have a sense of standing above the crowd, but the soaring price of nickel, after all, the direct beneficiaries. As for the use of nickel in the downstream business, the negative effects of rising nickel prices have been reflected in the current phase.
It is understood that nickel is mainly used for stainless steel, batteries, electroplating and electroless plating industry, of which 65% for stainless steel manufacturing, the other for special steel, alloy, batteries, electroplating agent system, currency and other industries. Therefore, nickel prices soared on the stainless steel market has caused a heavy burden. It is reported that some stainless steel producers have been reduced as the 300 series of high-grade steel production (in the 300 series stainless steel and nickel cost of more than 60%). Securities Times reporter yesterday called TISCO Stainless Steel (000825) Secretary of the Board to inquire about sharp fluctuations in nickel prices, the impact of the company, he has specific impact of the “not clear” refused an interview.
Moreover, due to current high nickel prices, the domestic consumption of a number of downstream customers, such as electroplating, nickel, networks, etc. Most of the manufacturers have discontinued, and some manufacturers even have been discontinued years ago, years later, due to nickel price hit a new high continuous and has did not resume production. The maintenance of production enterprises felt the pinch, while nickel prices continued to rise, but the market consumption, light, volume is very small.
Will the high platform diving nickel prices
Future nickel price will go from here? Nearly a week’s LME nickel price correction is not a signal of nickel prices started to plummet? In this regard, Jinchuan Group, said the international market, soaring nickel price in the consumers, producers and other market participants have a voices of doubt in the callback, the Jinchuan welcomes that is expected to decline in nickel prices have further room.
Jinchuan Group analysis, crazy nickel prices boosted nickel industry irrational investment. The past two years, the development of the global nickel mining project in full swing, the world’s sulfide nickel laterite ore project and the project are incorporated into the investor perspective, the development of accelerated a few years the project focused on production, supply a significant increase in the next few years may lead to nickel prices plummeted for the future healthy development of the nickel Canon NB-5L, Canon NB-6L market undermines the inconvenience.
However, Citigroup believes that nickel prices and the drop does not appear. A study by the bank’s latest report said the tight supply situation will make nickel in the “super cycle” at home. In respect of the current nickel price rise caused by the parties to an extraordinary challenge, the bank does not agree that the metal prices have been artificially exaggerated. The bank believes that the demand from the stainless steel field and supply difficult to sustain strong growth, making nickel inventories at a historic low. Data show that in 2006, nickel inventories fell by 89%, LME nickel stocks at present not a day of global consumption, the gap in 2007 the nickel market will continue to exist.
Posted by sunny27 on Oct 16, 2009
To promote the development of hydrogen and fuel cells
The future of humanity as a solar energy in Digital Camera Battery the final analysis, it is enough for us to spend a few billions of years. However, changes in solar energy over time and place of need hydrogen as energy carrier, hydrogen fuel cell is to use the best method. To this end, countries in the world to work together in order to overcome the fuel cell difficulties at an early date, its a business. In 1974, the oil crisis, a group of scientists gathered in Miami set up the “International Hydrogen Society”, aims to promote hydrogen energy. Nearly 30 years later, in November 2003, 16 representatives of countries and regions gathered in Washington, DC, set up a “Hydrogen Economy International Partnership” (IPHE) inter-governmental organization aimed at promoting the development of fuel cell vehicles, hoping Through these efforts, in 2020 for fuel cell vehicle commercialization.
In order to promote the development of fuel cell vehicles, the U.S. government has recently launched an incentive program for fuel cell vehicles are given 50 million U.S. dollars in prize money, the amount of degrees higher than the Nobel Prize several times. “Under the there must be so rewarded Isao” the United States want to use bonuses to promote the rapid development of fuel cells.
From the 1839 British scientists fuel cell experiments up to now has been in the past 160 years, generation after generation has never given up the fuel cell, and constantly strive to research. Of course, the fuel cell has changed from the original crude laboratory to the community: You can see the fuel-cell cars in the Mercedes-Benz, fuel cell buses in many cities and busy transported passengers; fuel cell power plants to provide electricity and hot water in many families; fuel cell mobile phones, laptop DSLR Battery Grip prototypes have already come out. Although the fuel cells together in the present application was not so perfect, but we believe that it is time for the service of humanity is coming.
Countries in the next 15 years, and long-term technology development planning framework in the development of hydrogen and fuel cells will be referred to an unprecedented height.
Of fuel cell vehicles in China has started to compile the national standard is expected to be completed in 2008
Recently, China’s national standards for fuel cell vehicles in Shanghai, the preparation work has been started, including the “fuel cell vehicles vehicle terms” and “fuel cell vehicles vehicle safety requirements,” the two basic criteria will be completed in 2008.
It is understood that fuel cell vehicles of national standards work from the early stage of discussions began in March last year, at present, the National Automotive Standardization Technical Committee, the China Automotive Technology and Research Center, SAIC, and Tongji University and other institutions and enterprises of the 10-odd group of senior research staff become a special project team, end of the year is expected to be able to form a “fuel cell vehicles vehicle terms” and “fuel cell vehicles vehicle safety Canon EOS 30D Battery Grip requirements,” the draft.
Market News: After soaring nickel prices plummeted brewing?
Since mid-February, has been steadily rising nickel prices rally even more crazy, LME nickel price was once nearly 5 million / ton astronomical, but also so that nickel prices rose nearly 5 years, a staggering 7 times.
The skyrocketing price of nickel has begun and nickel touched a deep nerve-related business. On the one hand, high nickel prices have made of nickel producers felt “mad”, a number of important domestic nickel production companies began to express concerns about the outlook for nickel prices; the other hand, high nickel prices also made of nickel consumption, companies felt the pinch, particularly nickel costs accounted for 65% of the stainless steel production enterprises greatly affected.
Crazy nickel price
From mid-April 2006 has been, LME nickel market began to steadily increasing, from 15,000 U.S. dollars / ton, all the way up to 48.5 thousand U.S. dollars / ton, an increase of 2.2 times. In particular, in mid-February this year to March 19, nickel prices even more, such as the Pretty Horses, from 35,000 U.S. dollars / ton up to 48,000 U.S. Canon EOS 40D Battery Grip dollars / ton. Non-ferrous metals industry, said the rise in nickel prices since last year, increased by large, fast up speed, are a new record.
However, in March 19 in the future, LME nickel price start to correct. As of March 26 closing, nickel prices have dropped to 41.8 thousand U.S. dollars / ton, the day down 7.37%. But the March 26 varieties of China’s major non-ferrous metals show the most recent reference pricing, trading for a # in Shanghai reached 417 thousand yuan nickel Quote / t -42 yuan / ton, equivalent to U.S. dollars more than 50,000 U.S. dollars / ton.
As China’s nickel industry, a major listed company — Jean-nickel industry, the secondary market in February this year, the trend also reflects the surge in nickel prices, its stock from early February to 22 yuan or so along the way early in March rose to nearly 39 per .
For the current round of rising nickel prices, the nation’s largest nickel producer Jinchuan Nickel Group — on its Web site said in public that the rise in nickel prices is non-rational rose, demonstrating his concern for soaring nickel prices.
Downstream firms complained
Although the nickel producers have a sense of standing above the crowd, but the soaring price of nickel Canon EOS 300D Battery Grip, after all, the direct beneficiaries. As for the use of nickel in the downstream business, the negative effects of rising nickel prices have been reflected in the current phase.
It is understood that nickel is mainly used for stainless steel, batteries, electroplating and electroless plating industry, of which 65% for stainless steel manufacturing, the other for special steel, alloy, batteries, electroplating agent system, currency and other industries. Therefore, nickel prices soared on the stainless steel market has caused a heavy burden. It is reported that some stainless steel producers have been reduced as the 300 series of high-grade steel production (in the 300 series stainless steel and nickel cost of more than 60%). Securities Times reporter yesterday called TISCO Stainless Steel (000825) Secretary of the Board to inquire about sharp fluctuations in nickel prices, the impact of the company, he has specific impact of the “not clear” refused an interview.
Moreover, due to current high nickel prices, the domestic consumption of a number of downstream customers, such as electroplating, nickel, networks, etc. Most of the manufacturers have discontinued, and some manufacturers even have been discontinued years ago, years later, due to nickel price hit a new high continuous and has did not resume production. The maintenance of production enterprises felt the pinch, while nickel prices continued to rise, but the market consumption, light, volume is very small.
Will the high platform diving nickel prices
Future nickel price will go from here? Nearly a week’s LME nickel price correction is not a signal of nickel prices started to plummet? In this regard, Jinchuan Group, said the international market, soaring nickel price in the consumers, producers and other market participants have a voices of doubt in the callback, the Jinchuan welcomes that is expected to decline in nickel prices have further room.
Jinchuan Group analysis, crazy nickel prices boosted nickel industry irrational investment. The past two years Canon EOS 350D Battery Grip, the development of the global nickel mining project in full swing, the world’s sulfide nickel laterite ore project and the project are incorporated into the investor perspective, the development of accelerated a few years the project focused on production, supply a significant increase in the next few years may lead to nickel prices plummeted for the future healthy development of the nickel market undermines the inconvenience.
However, Citigroup believes that nickel prices and the drop does not appear. A study by the bank’s latest report said the tight supply situation will make nickel in the “super cycle” at home. In respect of the current nickel price rise caused by the parties to an extraordinary challenge, the bank does not agree that the metal prices have been artificially exaggerated. The bank believes that the demand from the stainless steel field and supply difficult to sustain strong growth, making nickel inventories at a historic low. Data show that in 2006, nickel inventories fell by 89%, LME nickel stocks at present not a day of global consumption, the gap in 2007 the nickel market will continue to exist.
New technologies: open a fuel cell “Longevity” tips!
Brookhaven National Laboratory said it has found a way to keep in fuel cells will not be used as a catalyst of platinum dissolution or performance degradation method. U.S. Department of Energy believes that this breakthrough will help the nation to implement the Advanced Energy Initiative back on track by 2020 to achieve the goal of all-electric vehicles.
U.S. Department of Energy has received the Brookhaven National Laboratory that found that the patent, hoping to license it to all the world’s fuel-cell manufacturer. Brookhaven National Laboratory from 18 months ago to begin testing and found that when the stop-go driving style will greatly shorten the next generation of fuel cell-powered vehicle life – in 5 days of accelerated testing by 45%. In that case, the hybrid will never be like the Advanced Energy Initiative, as the all-electric drive vehicles to achieve.
When the formation of the constant stop-go charge-discharge cycles, will have Canon EOS 400D Battery Grip a great range of voltage swing, dissolved carbon electrode in the fuel cell was a thin layer of platinum. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory researchers Radoslav Adzic, said: “If the electrodes of the platinum dissolves, will greatly reduce the performance of fuel cells.”
Adzic’s team will be a number of 10-15 gold atoms into the surface of palladium nano-particles to form a fuel cell electrode was a thin layer of coating, so as to solve this problem. Gold atoms can reduce the stop-go driving voltage swings generated, thereby preventing platinum from dissolving. Adzic pointed out that the carbon coated with palladium electrodes can be formed at lower cost, because it is only a layer of platinum.
Brookhaven National Laboratory in the experiment simulated 30000 times, when stop-go driving, and the resulting electrode in the fuel cell produced by oxidation and reduction cycles, run out of a fuel cell. At the lab’s National Synchrotron Light Source, the researchers used a scanning transmission microscope in the X-ray detectors to observe the electrochemical process, and confirmed the use of gold atoms can indeed reduce the oxidation of platinum. Adzic, said: “In short, we have found is this: if each only 10-15 gold atoms with smaller atomic string of follow-up in the 3-5 nm platinum nanoparticles, the voltage swing will be even smaller , only the 0.75-1.1V, the voltage swing of the general 1.2V. This is enough to ensure that platinum will not be dissolved. ”
More than twice as expensive as gold palladium, but more than half the price of platinum. Therefore, this new electrode composition should not increase the cost of fuel cells, but may not reduce its costs.
Brookhaven National Laboratory researchers have continued to examine ways to make this approach laptop battery work the exact cause, but they have been able to estimate the most ideal structure is 10% of the particles of gold plus 90% of platinum.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, the research team, including chemical research specialists Junliang Zhang and Kotaro Sasaki, and representatives from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Center for Functional Materials, Eli Sutter. They are next in the Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Institute for Hydrogen and fuel cell test their results of this study.
Adzic, said: “Next we will synthesize a few grams of gold atoms protected by the platinum catalyst to get the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where researchers have to test whether such programs actually in the fuel cell production feasible. Despite the promising results of our study, but so far we have laptop batteries only in the tests conducted under laboratory conditions. “
Posted by admin on Oct 15, 2009
Promising thin-film solar energy conversion rate for which the key
Thin-film solar market is seen as the next generation of solar Digital Camcorder Battery energy products, mainly in its production costs competitive, subject to the limitation polysilicon material sources less, once a smooth mass production, will be able to accelerate the global popularization of solar energy products, but regardless of what kind of thin-film solar cells, most of the issues to be addressed, that is its conversion rate.
Solar industry said that the problem is the large volume production for all the breakthroughs in thin-film solar cells, the conversion rate is generally low-key films have not yet universal, although the conversion rates are denominated in solar cells based on the current conventional single, multi-crystal crystal silicon solar cells are about 16 ~ 18% conversion rate, thin-film solar cells an average of about 8 ~ 10%, but per unit area required to set up point of view, thin-film solar energy will require a relatively large space, the relevant system installation costs become high – .
The current mainstream crystalline silicon solar products, due to the lack of polysilicon materials, so that limited growth, while rapid growth in global demand stimulus, it is also further stimulated with low dependence on polysilicon thin-film solar rapid development, the general forecast thin-film solar is expected to begin in 2010, and will gradually into a more mature stage.
With the traditional crystalline silicon solar cells compared to many types of thin-film solar cells, including amorphous silicon (amorphoussilicon; a-Si), microcrystalline silicon (NanocrystallineSilicon, nc-Si), copper indium selenide compounds (CIS / CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), multi-junction Digital Camera Battery gallium arsenide (MultijuctionGaAs), dye-sensitized dye (Dye-SensitizedSolarCell), the organic conductive polymer (Organic / polymersolarcells) and so on.
Where a-Si thin-film solar cell in the market share of about 3 ~ 4 into, including the leader of the Japanese Kaneka is currently an annual capacity of approximately 30 megawatts (MWp), 2008 years reaching 70MWp, the United States UnitedSolar current production capacity of about 25MWp, estimated in 2007 up to 50MWp, 2010 attaining the 300MWp, are produced mainly a-Si.
The 1980s, a-Si is the only commercial thin-film solar cells, thin-film solar is currently the highest market share though, but the conversion efficiency of about 10%, the general estimate if there is no breakthrough in their conversion rates, future market share will be continued to decline, while the laboratory phase of CIGS conversion rate of up to 19%, were considered for future development, whereas the majority used in outer space MultijuctionGaAs, laboratory phase conversion rate of up to 41%.
If the world’s largest solar-cell factory in Japan and panel maker Sharp (Sharp), in addition to the traditional crystalline silicon, the field of solar energy in the film is a multi-slightly-related, including a-Si, MultijuctionGaAs diversified direction .
Fuel cells and solar energy technologies into China encourages import of technology
According to the Ministry of Commerce sources, in order to implement Canon Battery the “State Council on the implementation of the” Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) “a number of supporting policies of the notice” requirement, to encourage enterprises to introduce foreign advanced technology, the Ministry of Commerce and the State Taxation Administration jointly formulated the “China encourages the import of technology directory.”
This catalog covers agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, coal mining and washing, general equipment manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing industry, large-tonnage railway rescue crane and truck crane with tracks and manufacturing development, Electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing 81 industries, involving more than 400 kinds of technology.
It is particularly worth mentioning is that this directory also includes solar photovoltaic technology, fuel cell manufacturing equipment, technology and other emerging energy technologies, a new component manufacturing technology, integrated circuit design and testing technology, integrated circuit chip manufacturing and closure installation process technology, semiconductor and integrated circuit manufacturing technology-specific production equipment, integrated circuits with the key material preparation technology, liquid crystal display devices and plasma (PDP) flat glass for display devices and other electronic manufacturing equipment, as well as the key to digital television technology.
Chinese and French scientists will jointly develop a new environmentally-friendly car batteries
French Education Minister Gilles de Robien and Research (Gilles de Robien), announced today that Science and Technology Minister Xu in Beijing, China signed an agreement on energy storage research in the field of new technologies a framework agreement. Under the agreement, Chinese Canon BP-208 and French scientists will jointly develop a new type of environmentally friendly automotive batteries, this technology will help reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and ease the greenhouse effect of global warming.
Drobin believe that this joint research and development cooperation projects of environmental protection for the future of great significance. He said that while battery technology has been available for many years, but now the volume of batteries available in the market relatively large quantity of heavy, while the Chinese and French scientists have to overcome the problem is how to create a lightweight, more energy-efficient car battery.
Accompanying drobin visit of the French scientist Jean – Malidala Si Gong (Jean-Marie Tarascon) told reporters that the new batteries will reduce the cars on the traditional chemical energy such as oil dependence, and use of clean energy such as electrical power “If the new technology put into use is bound to help reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.”
Dalasigong said the two scientists is expected to R & D results into production in 2008.
Japan’s electric vehicle startup billion yen for the national project
Japanese NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) was held February 5, “a new generation of high-performance battery systems technology vehicle development” seminars, and public input that will be time-consuming five-year high of about ¥ 10,000,000,000 Development rechargeable battery The project outline. The newly developed idea is equipped with rechargeable batteries in the rechargeable power supply from the home of the plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles.
Development project is divided into three parts.
First, the development could substantially increase the performance of existing lithium-ion Canon BP-511 rechargeable battery of core technology. And has set the year 2015 and 2015 after two goals: the goal is 2015, the weight of vehicle battery system energy density 100Wh/kg, life expectancy is more than 10 years at a cost of ¥ 40,000 / kWh ( production of 1 million / year time) and so on. After 2015, the goal is to weight the energy density of 200Wh/kg above cost of ¥ 30,000 / kWh below.
Second, the development beyond the new lithium-ion rechargeable battery electrode materials such as basic research. Planned after 2030, the weight of the energy density of 500Wh/kg.
Third, the development of rechargeable batteries used to develop safety standards and testing standards of the basic technology.
Japan’s economy, Trade and Industry to develop vehicle rechargeable batteries, in 2007, included in the annual budget of 17 billion yen, this is the first release of specific project objectives. Development projects scheduled to be completed in 5 years, plans to invest a total of about 100 billion yen. Is expected to battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, universities and research institutions will be involved in project development, scheduled to open in March began collecting development projects.
Chemical industry: focus on the release of production capacity so that prices fell sharply
Lithium carbonate prices are currently high, profitability is considerable, so the market right foot in the business CITIC lithium carbonate mineral is very favorable for a peaceful and Tibet. We believe that the need to treat with caution.
Lithium carbonate industry is a global high degree of monopoly industries, production capacity mainly concentrated in SQM, FMC, Chemetall, three hands of foreign manufacturers, and now they have pricing power. From a historical price movements of view, the global lithium carbonate prices hub at 20,000 yuan / ton level.
By the end of 2004 beginning of lithium carbonate prices have soared, prices have now risen 45000-100000 yuan / ton range. Despite soaring prices of the reasons for the increased demand, but the main reason for limiting the production of price increases and international giants results. Price spikes of the point just made a breakthrough in China’s technology when lithium carbonate. Thus, the international giants in time for the large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China prior to their commissioning intentions to Canon LP-E5 make the final sum of profits is very obvious.
The global lithium carbonate market is small, although the latter part of the demand to maintain a certain growth rate, but because there are million-ton continuous lithium carbonate project put into production, the global lithium carbonate market oversupply situation will occur in 2007 and gradually increased. As the capacity of excessive increase in the latter part of lithium carbonate prices will quickly fall. We lithium carbonate prices are expected to return to 20,000 yuan / ton price level. From the time perspective, the expected first half of 2007 is the high price of lithium carbonate and then begin to decline ,2008-2009 down to 20,000 yuan / ton level.
Lithium carbonate price movements based on judgments, we believe that the market for a peaceful and Tibet Mineral Lithium Carbonate CITIC’s earnings outlook was too optimistic about the project, with the lithium carbonate prices down gradually, the market performance of the two companies are expected to be progressively revised downwards, This will give the two companies share price upward pressure. Based on the two company’s current stock price, given CITIC Guoan (000,839) short-term “overweight”, long-term “overweight” investment rating given to Tibet Mining (000,762) short-term “wait and see”, long-term “overweight” investment rating.
Main points of view: lithium carbonate margins below expectations
Large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China recently put into production (CITIC Guoan 25 thousand tons / year of lithium carbonate project put into operation January 11), post-mining industry in Tibet there are 25 thousand tons / year of lithium carbonate project construction plans and the Group of 10 thousand tons salt / year of lithium carbonate project planning (currently being 200 tons / year in the test), for these large-scale projects are put into the market for the sought-performance was mainly due to the current price of lithium carbonate is very high. The current domestic price of industrial-grade lithium carbonate to 45,000 yuan / ton or so, battery grade lithium carbonate price of 70,000 yuan / ton or so, high purity lithium carbonate price is as high as 100,000 yuan / ton or more, and these new projects is the use of salt brine extraction due to carbonate Lithium, the cost of production in 10000-15000 yuan / tons. Therefore, the market Canon NB-1LH generally felt that the profitability of lithium carbonate products is very high, this will bring a huge increase in performance related companies.
Through the global lithium carbonate market supply and demand conditions, as well as lithium carbonate prices, analysis of historical trends, we believe that lithium carbonate requires careful look at the profitability of the project:
1, the global lithium carbonate market prices historical center at 20,000 yuan / ton or so, until 2004 the world’s production capacity has been higher than the demand for 2005-2006 years, which is an increase in demand, but the fundamental balance of supply and demand. Beginning of the end of 2004 was not due to lithium price spikes caused by reversal of supply and demand, but an international giant, the results of limiting the production of price increases aimed at large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China in time for pre-production to make the final sum of profits.
2, the global lithium carbonate market of limited size. With the large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China gradually put into production, the global lithium carbonate market will enter a situation of oversupply, prices will rapidly decline in lithium carbonate. We believe that 2008 will be the year of lithium carbonate prices have fallen sharply, the price is expected to return to the previous price of 20,000 yuan central / ton.
3, lithium carbonate project would bring CITIC Wo Tibet Mineral substantial increase in performance, but not so optimistic market expectations, especially after 2008. Thus, to draw investors to measure the profitability of the project when lithium carbonate to maintain the necessary calm.
1, lithium carbonate areas of application and production processes more
1.1 Lithium applications and quality standards
Lithium is widely used in battery industry, ceramic industry, glass industry, aluminum laptop battery industry, lubricants, cooling agents, the nuclear industry and optoelectronic industries in emerging applications. Since the production of lithium carbonate lithium rechargeable lithium salt and the base material, lithium carbonate lithium industry, and therefore the most critical products, other industrial lithium products basically are the downstream lithium carbonate products.
1.2 lithium carbonate production process and cost comparison
Lithium carbonate production methods due to the differences in the use of resources is divided into two main categories: mineral extracting lithium and lithium salt lake brine to mention the current lithium salt lake brine to mention is the world’s main production methods. Salt lake brine lithium process are many ways to mention, mainly divided into precipitation, solvent extraction, ion exchange adsorption, carbonization and calcination-extraction method. This section has several kinds of industrial production process are introduced.
1.2.1 Extracting Lithium from Ore – lime sintering method
Lime sintering method is spodumene (lithium oxide are generally 6%) and limestone by 1: (2.5 ~ 3) weight ratio of ingredients, mixing grinded and sintered at 1150-1250 ℃ produce aluminum lithium and calcium silicate by wet grinding, leaching with lotion lithium hydroxide, after sedimentation filtration, washing residues return or slag, leaching solution by evaporation, and then adding sodium carbonate (soda ash) to generate lithium carbonate, and then by centrifugal separation, drying, the system have lithium carbonate product.
The reaction equation is as follows:
Fatti ore production capacity of lithium mainly concentrated in China, the laptops battery production scale is about 1.5-1.7 million tons / year. Sichuan Shehong Lithium Industry Co., Ltd. is the country’s largest manufacturer of mineral law and its lithium carbonate production capacity of 5,000 tons / year, of which the industrial level and battery-level capacity of 2,500 tons / year. The company has battery grade lithium carbonate in the core technology in the field of company has a strong competitive edge. Company and an Australian spodumene suppliers (the supplier of ore grade is much higher than the supply of the domestic lithium ore) have entered into an exclusive supply of spodumene exclusive agreement to supply of raw materials more stable. At present the cost of lithium carbonate minerals France 3 yuan / ton, the company’s costs are projected at 2.5 yuan / tons.
1.2.2 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – precipitation (carbonate precipitation)
Precipitation method can also be broken down as follows: carbonate precipitation, aluminate precipitation, magnesium and boron lithium boron co-precipitation method. Among them, to achieve industrial production was carbonate precipitation.
1.2.3 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – carbonization
Carbonization method mainly based on lithium carbonate and carbon dioxide, water solubility of the larger reaction thus lithium bicarbonate brine separation of lithium and other elements. This process on the request for resources is very high salt, low Mg-Li than the carbonate salt for this approach. Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet in China is the world’s third largest lithium resource of more than one million tons super Salt Lake, but also the world’s only high-quality lithium-rich low-magnesium carbonate-type salt lakes, brine lithium using natural stone precipitation Zabuye .
Salt lake brine lithium Zabuye further enrichment enrichment difficulties, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and geothermal water resources in Salt Lake Research Center, Academician Zheng Mianping Zabuye Salt Lake lithium resources for Tibet to study Tibetan Plateau special geographic environment suitable for the “Solar Pond” and the Mineral water-extraction method technology, successfully developed a “scrub – Separation – flooding – Carbide – pyrolysis,” Preparation of lithium carbonate new process, the resulting concentrate grade 76.86% lithium carbonate, lithium recovery rate of 72.91%. The method is simple technology, low production costs, product quality and so on. In recent years laptop batteries, Lake has been established Zabuye 3.3 million m2 of salt fields, the first time at the international level of salinity gradient solar pond production of lithium carbonate.
1.2.4 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – Calcined Leaching
This law is mentioned after the brine evaporation of boron to the water, 50 percent received four water and magnesium chloride mixture at 700 ℃ calcined 2h, to be a mixture of magnesium oxide and so on, and then add the flooding taking lithium (Li leaching solution containing 0.14%) with milk of lime and soda ash to remove calcium, magnesium and other impurities, the solution to the evaporation of Li containing about 2% by adding sodium carbonate to precipitate out lithium carbonate, lithium yield of about 90%. After calcined magnesia slag refined purity of 98.5% of magnesium oxide obtained by-product. This approach is conducive to comprehensive utilization of resources such as lithium-magnesium, low consumption of raw materials, but the extraction of magnesium so that process complex, equipment corrosion and serious and would need a larger amount of water evaporation, energy consumption of major.
CITIC Guoan (23.8,0.22,0.93%) of lithium carbonate is the adoption of the technology, the company with potassium, which provides post-boron-containing lithium-bischofite saturated brine as the raw material, using spray drying, calcining, water washing, evaporation concentration and precipitation process, from high-Mg-Li conducted in magnesium than in salt lake brine lithium separation of lithium carbonate to obtain high-quality and high-purity magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid by-product industries.
1.2.5 Cost Comparison
From a cost perspective, the ore is much higher than the cost of extracting lithium from salt lake brine lithium mentioned, previously the law had been introduced ore production costs roughly 3 tons / tons.
In addition to production technology, the salt lake brine lithium to mention the various processes that affect the cost of lithium carbonate are two main factors:
1, Salt Lake in the lithium content of the high and low, in general, the higher the cost of salt the lower lithium content; 2, Salt Lake in the Mg-Li ratio, the smaller the better in general than the Mg-Li.
Tibet Mining (13.98,0.30,2.19%) developed a high lithium content Zabuye Salt Lake, though slightly lower than Chile’s Atacama Salt Lake (SQM’s development), but the Salt Lake Zabuye Very low levels of magnesium, magnesium and lithium than in the 0.003 or so, much lower than Chile’s Atacama salt lake, much lower than CITIC Guoan something to be developed taijnar than lithium salt of magnesium (the two Salt Lake than in the Mg-Li between 40-68 times), more critical is The salt lake in the form of lithium carbonate is based on the company processes required for lithium carbonate precipitates less, low cost, it is expected that the cost of Tibet’s lithium mining companies should be less than the SQM.
CITIC Guoan something to be developed taijnar lithium salt content low, substantially laptop battery lower than Chile’s Atacama Salt Lake SQM lithium content of magnesium and lithium salt lake in the region than is very high, much higher than Chile’s Atacama salt lake Mg-Li ratio. However, because the two companies use different processes, SQM process on soda ash consumption of larger and CITIC Guoan large energy consumption is expected to CITIC Guoan Lithium Carbonate SQM’s costs and a considerable, but because of isolated magnesium, boron and other products, so utilization lower cost.
Chile’s SQM’s lithium carbonate estimated cost of 12,000 yuan / ton level, Tibet is expected to cost less than lithium mining company SQM, roughly at 10,000 yuan / ton, while the CITIC Guoan Lithium Carbonate costs are expected to around 12,000 yuan / ton or so (after the scale there is a certain drop in the cost of space).
2, lithium carbonate supply and demand analysis of
2.1 Li-ion batteries widely used in driving the growth of the global consumption of lithium
The global lithium carbonate market size is not large, according to SQM is estimated that in 2005 about 77.2 thousand tons. In recent years, demand for lithium carbonate showed rapid growth, especially the rapid growth of lithium batteries is most prominent. According to SQM is expected in the next few years, the world’s annual production of lithium-ion battery will maintain a rapid growth, annual growth rate of 30%. In addition, other issues such as ceramics, glass products, industrial air conditioning and alloys, lithium-demand growth fairly quickly.
With lithium salt as the key raw material for secondary battery in the electronics industry (laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, as well as a variety of other consumer electronics) in a wide range of applications in 2003, the output of these batteries close to 1.4 billion in 2004 to reach 2 billion , and the future will continue rapid growth.
In power batteries, lithium-ion battery applications are expanding. At present Japan has a hybrid electric vehicle more than 70,000 is expected in 2010 will reach 2.1 million. The U.S. market is also very optimistic about growth prospects, according to the U.S. Department of Energy survey, hybrid cars will become the market mainstream products.
China’s lithium-ion batteries in electric bicycles and electric bus application products as very promising. CITIC Guoan Mengguli the company’s commitment to the company’s “high-capacity manganese lithium power battery research” organized by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission inspection and appraisal topics have been identified to achieve international advanced level. Use Mengguli company 100Ah high-capacity secure manganese lithium battery powered electric bus, the maximum speed 120 km / h, on a single charge mileage of 210 kilometers, has completed the demonstration operations 12,000 kilometers. At present, organized by the National Development and Reform Commission automobile lithium Dell Battery manganese battery power the national standard-setting work has been approved by the specialists, Mengguli company is actively promoting the various parties seek to make loader Mengguli power lithium-ion batteries for electric bus vehicles put into operation as soon as possible at home and abroad.
According to SQM is expected in the next 5-10 years, the global lithium demand will be 5% -7% growth rate, this growth rate higher than the level of global economic growth, showing that the global lithium industry is a strong industry GDP. We believe that taking into account the power battery lithium batteries in the field of consumer electronics continued to expand, as well as an upsurge of optimism in the global lithium carbonate demand could be given an 8% annual growth rate, based on this assumption gives the global lithium carbonate demand conditions (table 3 ):
2.2 lithium carbonate worldwide industry concentration is very high, late and rapid expansion of production capacity
As the main raw material for production of lithium carbonate is the salt lake brine (France due to the high cost of ore production capacity in the global small), so that large-scale production of lithium carbonate of the enterprises must have a more abundant reserves of lithium salt lake resources, resource exploitation rights, which makes the industry with more the resources of the high barriers to entry; the other hand, the vast majority of the world’s resources are high-magnesium salt low-lithium, low-from high-magnesium lithium brine separation of lithium carbonate in the purification process technology is very difficult, only the hands of these technologies before the hands of a small number of foreign companies, which makes lithium carbonate industry, but also provides many technical barriers. Therefore, lithium carbonate has created the industry’s global oligopoly structure.
The current global lithium carbonate market concentration is very high. Several large-scale projects in China prior to their commissioning the world’s major production concentrated in SQM, FMC, and Chemetall three hands, which SQM capacity of 28,000 tons / year, FMC capacity of 22,000 tons / year, Chemetall capacity of 18 thousand tons, The three companies account for about a global production capacity of 73%. The latter part of the three companies have expansion plans, SQM plans for production in Inspiron 8600 Battery 2008 12,000 tons / year of new projects, FMC is expected on stream in 2009 of 5,000 tons / year of new projects, Chemetall planned for production in 2008 of 5,000 tons / year of the new items.
Although our country has a higher value of the salt lake resources, but has until 2004 to achieve high-Mg low-lithium brine purification of lithium carbonate solution, the key technological breakthroughs, enabling the country to enter the global lithium carbonate market. Currently there are planned large-scale projects there are two:
1, CITIC Guoan Planning, 35 thousand tons / year lithium carbonate projects, of which 25 thousand tons / year project has been with the January 11, 2007 put into operation successfully; 2, Tibet Mineral Planning 3 million ton / year lithium carbonate, its 5,000 tons / year production line put into operation in 2005, the current production lines operating conditions are generally expected annual output of 2006 tons in 1000-1500, the company is reporting 25 thousand tons / year lithium carbonate project, the project has been running since early flow, and therefore ton of time put into the project is difficult to estimate (in the back of production forecast, we assume that the company put into operation in 2008 by the end of the project).
3, lithium carbonate price trend analysis
Prices rose 3.1: Demand-driven pricing, or oligarchy?
The international market price of lithium carbonate in 2004 began a rapid rise after the process, the reasons for the rise, with many research institutions will be reduced to the needs of its rapid growth, and we took a different view: a global lithium carbonate demand and there is no explosive growth of Inspiron 9200 Battery production capacity is always guaranteed.
Our analysis of the international giants SQM Lithium Carbonate company since 2001, production of lithium carbonate and its derivatives and the achievement of income, found that the company’s 2005 production of lithium carbonate and its derivatives significantly reduced compared to 2004 by 14.72% in the world background of increasing demand, the company lithium carbonate production decline intriguing. In 2005, the result of reduced production of lithium carbonate is 30.03 percent revenue increase year on year, the global lithium carbonate prices here have begun rising.
At the same time in 2004, CITIC is China’s industrialization and development of peaceful and Tibet Mineral Lithium Carbonate imminent breakthrough time. CITIC Guoan’s pilot production line at the end of 2004, begin construction in mining in Tibet in 2005, successfully completed a 5,000 tons / year production line. The two companies are the 10000-ton lithium carbonate project planning, capacity almost equal to the size of the size of SQM. The completion of these projects put into production on the global lithium carbonate market impact is easy to foresee.
Can be seen, the global lithium carbonate price point is just quick-start projects face a breakthrough in China’s lithium carbonate, the late coming on stream of large-scale projects, the most likely to be driven lithium carbonate production in China’s large-scale projects as much as possible before the use of its monopoly power to earn more profits.
3.2 Price trend of late: prices are expected to return to the historical center
From Table 6 and Figure 2 shows, with the large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China gradually put into production, lithium carbonate or less balanced relationship between supply and demand will rapidly deteriorate in 2007 will be overcapacity in the global lithium carbonate 13.2 thousand tons, in 2008 the situation will deteriorate further, supply significantly exceeds demand, prices will inevitably lead to rapid decline.
For the release of capacity to focus on the impact of price shocks, an interpretation that since production concentrated in the hands of a few enterprises, these enterprises will ease the coordination of capacity utilization shocks. We doubt it.
China’s chemical industry has experienced more than capacity can focus on the release of earnings Inspiron 9300 Battery caused by a serious deterioration in industry conditions:
PVC industry by 2004 as high prices attracted a lot of money into the industry, resulting in 2005 annual production capacity can focus on the release, resulting in PVC prices from a high, sharp downturn, the whole industry into a downturn quickly, PVC sharp drop in economic efficiency of enterprises; polyester industry, along with a large number of poly – ester production competition, rapid deterioration of a substantial decline in product prices in the industry have also led to the rapid move toward a comprehensive loss-making situation.
Lithium carbonate products in spite of certain resources and technical barriers, but our values are readily available in Salt Lake is still a lot of mining, technology, inter CITIC Guoan, Tibet, outside the Salt Lake Mining Group, is also facing a breakthrough, trade barriers are gradually weakened, the industry is currently a high gross the interest rate is bound to attract more capital to intervene.
For the possibility of oligopolistic collusion, we believe that more difficult. Analysis of the income of the world’s leading companies constitute a lithium carbonate found that lithium carbonate in the main business of these companies share is very limited. 2005 SQM company’s main business revenue in the proportion of lithium carbonate and its derivatives, is only 9%, FMC Corporation’s lithium carbonate and its derivatives, the proportion of only 8%, lithium carbonate prices downward impact on its performance is very small.
In addition, the three giants in the development of downstream products of lithium carbonate have also been more successful, SQM in butyl lithium, lithium hydroxide involvement in the development of products such as deeper; FMC Lithium used in medicine, rechargeable batteries have a very major advantage; Chemetall lithium hydroxide, lithium hydride, and other lithium salts have a greater advantage of the development. Lithium carbonate is lithium salt, and other derivatives of the raw materials, lithium salts and other compounds added value is higher than lithium carbonate, especially in the field of medicine and battery products with high added value, these factories can be converted to the lithium carbonate More other high value-added lithium derivatives to eliminate lithium carbonate prices have fallen sharply negative impact.Promising thin-film solar energy conversion rate for which the key
Thin-film solar market is seen as the next generation of solar energy products, mainly in its Inspiron 9400 Battery production costs competitive, subject to the limitation polysilicon material sources less, once a smooth mass production, will be able to accelerate the global popularization of solar energy products, but regardless of what kind of thin-film solar cells, most of the issues to be addressed, that is its conversion rate.
Solar industry said that the problem is the large volume production for all the breakthroughs in thin-film solar cells, the conversion rate is generally low-key films have not yet universal, although the conversion rates are denominated in solar cells based on the current conventional single, multi-crystal crystal silicon solar cells are about 16 ~ 18% conversion rate, thin-film solar cells an average of about 8 ~ 10%, but per unit area required to set up point of view, thin-film solar energy will require a relatively large space, the relevant system installation costs become high – .
The current mainstream crystalline silicon solar products, due to the lack of polysilicon materials, so that limited growth, while rapid growth in global demand stimulus, it is also further stimulated with low dependence on polysilicon thin-film solar rapid development, the general forecast thin-film solar is expected to begin in 2010, and will gradually into a more mature stage.
With the traditional crystalline silicon solar cells compared to many types of thin-film solar cells, including amorphous silicon (amorphoussilicon; a-Si), microcrystalline silicon (NanocrystallineSilicon, nc-Si), copper indium selenide compounds (CIS / CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), multi-junction gallium arsenide (MultijuctionGaAs), dye-sensitized dye (Dye-SensitizedSolarCell), the organic conductive polymer (Organic / polymersolarcells) and so on.
Where a-Si thin-film solar cell in the market share of about 3 ~ 4 into, including the leader of the Japanese Kaneka is currently an annual capacity of approximately 30 megawatts (MWp), 2008 years reaching 70MWp, the United States UnitedSolar current production capacity of about 25MWp, estimated in 2007 up to 50MWp, 2010 attaining the 300MWp, are produced mainly a-Si.
The 1980s, a-Si is the only commercial thin-film solar cells, thin-film solar is currently the highest market share though, but the conversion efficiency of about 10%, the general estimate if there is no breakthrough in their conversion rates, future market share will be continued to decline, while the laboratory phase Inspiron B120 Battery of CIGS conversion rate of up to 19%, were considered for future development, whereas the majority used in outer space MultijuctionGaAs, laboratory phase conversion rate of up to 41%.
If the world’s largest solar-cell factory in Japan and panel maker Sharp (Sharp), in addition to the traditional crystalline silicon, the field of solar energy in the film is a multi-slightly-related, including a-Si, MultijuctionGaAs diversified direction .
Fuel cells and solar energy technologies into China encourages import of technology
According to the Ministry of Commerce sources, in order to implement the “State Council on the implementation of the” Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) “a number of supporting policies of the notice” requirement, to encourage enterprises to introduce foreign advanced technology, the Ministry of Commerce and the State Taxation Administration jointly formulated the “China encourages the import of technology directory.”
This catalog covers agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, coal mining and washing, general equipment manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing industry, large-tonnage railway rescue crane and truck crane with tracks and manufacturing development, Electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing 81 industries, involving more than 400 kinds of technology.
It is particularly worth mentioning is that this directory also includes solar photovoltaic technology, fuel cell manufacturing equipment, technology and other emerging energy technologies, a new component manufacturing technology, integrated circuit design and testing technology, integrated circuit chip Inspiron B130 Battery manufacturing and closure installation process technology, semiconductor and integrated circuit manufacturing technology-specific production equipment, integrated circuits with the key material preparation technology, liquid crystal display devices and plasma (PDP) flat glass for display devices and other electronic manufacturing equipment, as well as the key to digital television technology.
Chinese and French scientists will jointly develop a new environmentally-friendly car batteries
French Education Minister Gilles de Robien and Research (Gilles de Robien), announced today that Science and Technology Minister Xu in Beijing, China signed an agreement on energy storage research in the field of new technologies a framework agreement. Under the agreement, Chinese and French scientists will jointly develop a new type of environmentally friendly automotive batteries, this technology will help reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and ease the greenhouse effect of global warming.
Drobin believe that this joint research and development cooperation projects of environmental protection for the future of great significance. He said that while battery technology has been available for many years, but now the volume of batteries available in the market relatively large quantity of heavy, while the Chinese and French scientists have to overcome the problem is how to create a lightweight, more energy-efficient car battery.
Accompanying drobin visit of the French scientist Jean – Malidala Si Gong (Jean-Marie Tarascon) told reporters that the new batteries will reduce the cars on the traditional chemical energy such as oil dependence, and use of clean energy such as electrical power “If the new technology put into use is bound to help reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.”
Dalasigong said the two scientists is expected to R & D results into production in 2008.
Japan’s electric vehicle startup billion yen for the national project
Japanese NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) was held February Inspiron E1405 Battery 5, “a new generation of high-performance battery systems technology vehicle development” seminars, and public input that will be time-consuming five-year high of about ¥ 10,000,000,000 Development rechargeable battery The project outline. The newly developed idea is equipped with rechargeable batteries in the rechargeable power supply from the home of the plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles.
Development project is divided into three parts.
First, the development could substantially increase the performance of existing lithium-ion rechargeable battery of core technology. And has set the year 2015 and 2015 after two goals: the goal is 2015, the weight of vehicle battery system energy density 100Wh/kg, life expectancy is more than 10 years at a cost of $ 40,000 / kWh ( production of 1 million / year time) and so on. After 2015, the goal is to weight the energy density of 200Wh/kg above cost of ¥ 30,000 / kWh below.
Second, the development beyond the new lithium-ion rechargeable battery electrode materials such as basic research. Planned after 2030, the weight of the energy density of 500Wh/kg.
Third, the development of rechargeable batteries used to develop safety standards and testing standards of the basic technology.
Japan’s economy, Trade and Industry to develop vehicle rechargeable batteries, in 2007, included in the annual budget of 17 billion yen, this is the first release of specific project objectives. Development projects scheduled to be completed in 5 years, plans to invest a total of about 100 billion yen. Is expected to battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, universities and research institutions will be involved in project development, scheduled to open in March began collecting development projects.
Chemical industry: focus on the release of production capacity so that prices fell sharply
Lithium carbonate prices are currently high, profitability is considerable, so the market right foot Inspiron E1505 Battery in the business CITIC lithium carbonate mineral is very favorable for a peaceful and Tibet. We believe that the need to treat with caution.
Lithium carbonate industry is a global high degree of monopoly industries, production capacity mainly concentrated in SQM, FMC, Chemetall, three hands of foreign manufacturers, and now they have pricing power. From a historical price movements of view, the global lithium carbonate prices hub at 20,000 yuan / ton level.
By the end of 2004 beginning of lithium carbonate prices have soared, prices have now risen 45000-100000 yuan / ton range. Despite soaring prices of the reasons for the increased demand, but the main reason for limiting the production of price increases and international giants results. Price spikes of the point just made a breakthrough in China’s technology when lithium carbonate. Thus, the international giants in time for the large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China prior to their commissioning intentions to make the final sum of profits is very obvious.
The global lithium carbonate market is small, although the latter part of the demand to maintain a certain growth rate, but because there are million-ton continuous lithium carbonate project put into production, the global lithium carbonate market oversupply situation will occur in 2007 and gradually increased. As the capacity of excessive increase in the latter part of lithium carbonate prices will quickly fall. We lithium carbonate prices are expected to return to 20,000 yuan / ton price level. From the time perspective, the expected first half of 2007 is the high price of lithium carbonate and then begin to decline ,2008-2009 down to 20,000 yuan / ton level.
Lithium carbonate price movements based on judgments, we believe that the market for a peaceful and Tibet Mineral Lithium Carbonate CITIC’s earnings outlook was too optimistic about the project, with the lithium carbonate prices down gradually, the market performance of the two companies are expected to be progressively revised downwards, This will give the two companies share price upward pressure. Based on the two company’s current stock price, given CITIC Guoan (000,839) short-term “overweight”, long-term “overweight” investment Inspiron E1705 Battery rating given to Tibet Mining (000,762) short-term “wait and see”, long-term “overweight” investment rating.
Main points of view: lithium carbonate margins below expectations
Large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China recently put into production (CITIC Guoan 25 thousand tons / year of lithium carbonate project put into operation January 11), post-mining industry in Tibet there are 25 thousand tons / year of lithium carbonate project construction plans and the Group of 10 thousand tons salt / year of lithium carbonate project planning (currently being 200 tons / year in the test), for these large-scale projects are put into the market for the sought-performance was mainly due to the current price of lithium carbonate is very high. The current domestic price of industrial-grade lithium carbonate to 45,000 yuan / ton or so, battery grade lithium carbonate price of 70,000 yuan / ton or so, high purity lithium carbonate price is as high as 100,000 yuan / ton or more, and these new projects is the use of salt brine extraction due to carbonate Lithium, the cost of production in 10000-15000 yuan / tons. Therefore, the market generally felt that the profitability of lithium carbonate products is very high, this will bring a huge increase in performance related companies.
Through the global lithium carbonate market supply and demand conditions, as well as lithium carbonate prices, analysis of historical trends, we believe that lithium carbonate requires careful look at the profitability of the project:
1, the global lithium carbonate market prices historical center at 20,000 yuan / ton or so, until 2004 the world’s production capacity has been higher than the demand for 2005-2006 years, which is an increase in demand, but the fundamental balance of supply and demand. Beginning of the end of 2004 was not due to lithium price spikes caused by reversal of supply and demand, but an international giant, the results of limiting the production of price increases aimed at large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China in time for pre-production to make the final sum of profits.
2, the global lithium carbonate market of limited size. With the large-scale lithium carbonate projects Latitude D410 Battery in China gradually put into production, the global lithium carbonate market will enter a situation of oversupply, prices will rapidly decline in lithium carbonate. We believe that 2008 will be the year of lithium carbonate prices have fallen sharply, the price is expected to return to the previous price of 20,000 yuan central / ton.
3, lithium carbonate project would bring CITIC Wo Tibet Mineral substantial increase in performance, but not so optimistic market expectations, especially after 2008. Thus, to draw investors to measure the profitability of the project when lithium carbonate to maintain the necessary calm.
1, lithium carbonate areas of application and production processes more
1.1 Lithium applications and quality standards
Lithium is widely used in battery industry, ceramic industry, glass industry, aluminum industry, lubricants, cooling agents, the nuclear industry and optoelectronic industries in emerging applications. Since the production of lithium carbonate lithium rechargeable lithium salt and the base material, lithium carbonate lithium industry, and therefore the most critical products, other industrial lithium products basically are the downstream lithium carbonate products.
1.2 lithium carbonate production process and cost comparison
Lithium carbonate production methods due to the differences in the use of resources is divided into two main categories: mineral extracting lithium and lithium salt lake brine to mention the current lithium salt lake brine to mention is the world’s main production methods. Salt lake brine lithium process are many ways to mention, mainly divided into precipitation, solvent extraction, ion exchange adsorption, carbonization and calcination-extraction method. This section has several kinds of industrial production process are introduced.
1.2.1 Extracting Lithium from Ore – lime sintering method
Lime sintering method is spodumene (lithium oxide are generally 6%) and limestone by 1: (2.5 ~ 3) weight Latitude D420 Battery ratio of ingredients, mixing grinded and sintered at 1150-1250 ℃ produce aluminum lithium and calcium silicate by wet grinding, leaching with lotion lithium hydroxide, after sedimentation filtration, washing residues return or slag, leaching solution by evaporation, and then adding sodium carbonate (soda ash) to generate lithium carbonate, and then by centrifugal separation, drying, the system have lithium carbonate product.
The reaction equation is as follows:
Fatti ore production capacity of lithium mainly concentrated in China, the production scale is about 1.5-1.7 million tons / year. Sichuan Shehong Lithium Industry Co., Ltd. is the country’s largest manufacturer of mineral law and its lithium carbonate production capacity of 5,000 tons / year, of which the industrial level and battery-level capacity of 2,500 tons / year. The company has battery grade lithium carbonate in the core technology in the field of company has a strong competitive edge. Company and an Australian spodumene suppliers (the supplier of ore grade is much higher than the supply of the domestic lithium ore) have entered into an exclusive supply of spodumene exclusive agreement to supply of raw materials more stable. At present the cost of lithium carbonate minerals France 3 yuan / ton, the company’s costs are projected at 2.5 yuan / tons.
1.2.2 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – precipitation (carbonate precipitation)
Precipitation method can also be broken down as follows: carbonate precipitation, aluminate precipitation, magnesium and boron lithium boron co-precipitation method. Among them, to achieve industrial production was carbonate precipitation.
1.2.3 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – carbonization
Carbonization method mainly based on lithium carbonate and carbon dioxide, water solubility of the larger reaction thus lithium bicarbonate brine separation of lithium and other elements. This process on the request for resources is very high salt, low Mg-Li than the carbonate salt for this approach. Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet in China is the world’s third largest lithium resource of more than one million tons super Salt Lake, but also the world’s only high-quality lithium-rich low-magnesium carbonate-type salt lakes, brine lithium using natural Latitude D430 Battery stone precipitation Zabuye .
Salt lake brine lithium Zabuye further enrichment enrichment difficulties, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and geothermal water resources in Salt Lake Research Center, Academician Zheng Mianping Zabuye Salt Lake lithium resources for Tibet to study Tibetan Plateau special geographic environment suitable for the “Solar Pond” and the Mineral water-extraction method technology, successfully developed a “scrub – Separation – flooding – Carbide – pyrolysis,” Preparation of lithium carbonate new process, the resulting concentrate grade 76.86% lithium carbonate, lithium recovery rate of 72.91%. The method is simple technology, low production costs, product quality and so on. In recent years, Lake has been established Zabuye 3.3 million m2 of salt fields, the first time at the international level of salinity gradient solar pond production of lithium carbonate.
1.2.4 Extracting Lithium from Salt Lake Brine – Calcined Leaching
This law is mentioned after the brine evaporation of boron to the water, 50 percent received four water and magnesium chloride mixture at 700 ℃ calcined 2h, to be a mixture of magnesium oxide and so on, and then add the flooding taking lithium (Li leaching solution containing 0.14%) with milk of lime and soda ash to remove calcium, magnesium and other impurities, the solution to the evaporation of Li containing about 2% by adding sodium carbonate to precipitate out lithium carbonate, lithium yield of about 90%. After calcined magnesia slag refined purity of 98.5% of magnesium oxide obtained by-product. This approach is conducive to comprehensive utilization of resources such as lithium-magnesium, low consumption of raw materials, but the extraction of magnesium so that process complex, equipment corrosion and serious and would need a larger amount of water evaporation, energy consumption of major.
CITIC Guoan (23.8,0.22,0.93%) of lithium carbonate is the adoption of the technology, the company with potassium, which provides post-boron-containing lithium-bischofite saturated brine as the raw material, using spray drying, calcining, water washing, evaporation concentration and precipitation process, from high-Mg-Li conducted in magnesium than in salt lake brine lithium separation of lithium carbonate to obtain high-quality and high-purity magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid by-product industries.
1.2.5 Cost Comparison
From a cost perspective, the ore is much higher than the cost of extracting lithium from salt lake brine lithium mentioned Latitude D500 Battery, previously the law had been introduced ore production costs roughly 3 tons / tons.
In addition to production technology, the salt lake brine lithium to mention the various processes that affect the cost of lithium carbonate are two main factors:
1, Salt Lake in the lithium content of the high and low, in general, the higher the cost of salt the lower lithium content; 2, Salt Lake in the Mg-Li ratio, the smaller the better in general than the Mg-Li.
Tibet Mining (13.98,0.30,2.19%) developed a high lithium content Zabuye Salt Lake, though slightly lower than Chile’s Atacama Salt Lake (SQM’s development), but the Salt Lake Zabuye Very low levels of magnesium, magnesium and lithium than in the 0.003 or so, much lower than Chile’s Atacama salt lake, much lower than CITIC Guoan something to be developed taijnar than lithium salt of magnesium (the two Salt Lake than in the Mg-Li between 40-68 times), more critical is The salt lake in the form of lithium carbonate is based on the company processes required for lithium carbonate precipitates less, low cost, it is expected that the cost of Tibet’s lithium mining companies should be less than the SQM.
CITIC Guoan something to be developed taijnar lithium salt content low, substantially lower than Chile’s Atacama Salt Lake SQM lithium content of magnesium and lithium salt lake in the region than is very high, much higher than Chile’s Atacama salt lake Mg-Li ratio. However, because the two companies use different processes, SQM process on soda ash consumption of larger and CITIC Guoan large energy consumption is expected to CITIC Guoan Lithium Carbonate SQM’s costs and a considerable, but because of isolated magnesium, boron and other products, so utilization lower cost.
Chile’s SQM’s lithium carbonate estimated cost of 12,000 yuan / ton level, Tibet is expected to cost less than lithium mining company SQM, roughly at 10,000 yuan / ton, while the CITIC Guoan Lithium Carbonate costs are expected to around 12,000 yuan / ton or so (after the scale there is a certain drop in the cost of space).
2, lithium carbonate supply and demand analysis of
2.1 Li-ion batteries widely used in driving the growth of the global consumption of lithium
The global lithium carbonate market size is not large, according to SQM is estimated that in 2005 about 77.2 Latitude D505 Battery thousand tons. In recent years, demand for lithium carbonate showed rapid growth, especially the rapid growth of lithium batteries is most prominent. According to SQM is expected in the next few years, the world’s annual production of lithium-ion battery will maintain a rapid growth, annual growth rate of 30%. In addition, other issues such as ceramics, glass products, industrial air conditioning and alloys, lithium-demand growth fairly quickly.
With lithium salt as the key raw material for secondary battery in the electronics industry (laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, as well as a variety of other consumer electronics) in a wide range of applications in 2003, the output of these batteries close to 1.4 billion in 2004 to reach 2 billion , and the future will continue rapid growth.
In power batteries, lithium-ion battery applications are expanding. At present Japan has a hybrid electric vehicle more than 70,000 is expected in 2010 will reach 2.1 million. The U.S. market is also very optimistic about growth prospects, according to the U.S. Department of Energy survey, hybrid cars will become the market mainstream products.
China’s lithium-ion batteries in electric bicycles and electric bus application products as very promising. CITIC Guoan Mengguli the company’s commitment to the company’s “high-capacity manganese lithium power battery research” organized by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission inspection and appraisal topics have been identified to achieve international advanced level. Use Mengguli company 100Ah high-capacity secure manganese lithium battery powered electric bus, the maximum speed 120 km / h, on a single charge mileage of 210 kilometers, has completed the demonstration operations 12,000 kilometers. At present, organized by the National Development and Reform Commission automobile lithium manganese battery power the national standard-setting work has been approved by the specialists, Mengguli company is actively promoting the various parties seek to make loader Mengguli power lithium-ion batteries for electric bus vehicles put into operation as soon as possible at home and abroad.
According to SQM is expected in the next 5-10 years, the global lithium demand will be 5% -7% growth rate, this growth rate higher than the level of global economic growth, showing that the global lithium industry is a strong industry GDP. We believe that taking into account the power battery lithium batteries in the field of consumer electronics continued to expand, as well as an upsurge of optimism in the global lithium carbonate demand could be given an 8% annual growth rate, based on this assumption gives the global lithium Latitude D510 Battery carbonate demand conditions (table 3 ):
2.2 lithium carbonate worldwide industry concentration is very high, late and rapid expansion of production capacity
As the main raw material for production of lithium carbonate is the salt lake brine (France due to the high cost of ore production capacity in the global small), so that large-scale production of lithium carbonate of the enterprises must have a more abundant reserves of lithium salt lake resources, resource exploitation rights, which makes the industry with more the resources of the high barriers to entry; the other hand, the vast majority of the world’s resources are high-magnesium salt low-lithium, low-from high-magnesium lithium brine separation of lithium carbonate in the purification process technology is very difficult, only the hands of these technologies before the hands of a small number of foreign companies, which makes lithium carbonate industry, but also provides many technical barriers. Therefore, lithium carbonate has created the industry’s global oligopoly structure.
The current global lithium carbonate market concentration is very high. Several large-scale projects in China prior to their commissioning the world’s major production concentrated in SQM, FMC, and Chemetall three hands, which SQM capacity of 28,000 tons / year, FMC capacity of 22,000 tons / year, Chemetall capacity of 18 thousand tons, The three companies account for about a global production capacity of 73%. The latter part of the three companies have expansion plans, SQM plans for production in 2008 12,000 tons / year of new projects, FMC is expected on stream in 2009 of 5,000 tons / year of new projects, Chemetall planned for production in 2008 of 5,000 tons / year of the new items.
Although our country has a higher value of the salt lake resources, but has until 2004 to achieve high-Mg low-lithium brine purification of lithium carbonate solution, the key technological breakthroughs, enabling the country to enter the global lithium carbonate market. Currently there are planned large-scale projects there Latitude D520 Battery are two:
1, CITIC Guoan Planning, 35 thousand tons / year lithium carbonate projects, of which 25 thousand tons / year project has been with the January 11, 2007 put into operation successfully; 2, Tibet Mineral Planning 3 million ton / year lithium carbonate, its 5,000 tons / year production line put into operation in 2005, the current production lines operating conditions are generally expected annual output of 2006 tons in 1000-1500, the company is reporting 25 thousand tons / year lithium carbonate project, the project has been running since early flow, and therefore ton of time put into the project is difficult to estimate (in the back of production forecast, we assume that the company put into operation in 2008 by the end of the project).
3, lithium carbonate price trend analysis
Prices rose 3.1: Demand-driven pricing, or oligarchy?
The international market price of lithium carbonate in 2004 began a rapid rise after the process, the reasons for the rise, with many research institutions will be reduced to the needs of its rapid growth, and we took a different view: a global lithium carbonate demand and there is no explosive growth of production capacity is always guaranteed.
Our analysis of the international giants SQM Lithium Carbonate company since 2001, production of lithium carbonate and its derivatives and the achievement of income, found that the company’s 2005 production of lithium carbonate and its derivatives significantly reduced compared to 2004 by 14.72% in the world background of increasing demand, the company lithium carbonate production decline intriguing. In 2005, the result of reduced production of lithium carbonate is 30.03 percent revenue increase year on year, the global lithium carbonate prices here have begun rising.
At the same time in 2004, CITIC is China’s industrialization and development of peaceful and Tibet Mineral Lithium Carbonate imminent breakthrough time. CITIC Guoan’s pilot production line at the end of 2004, begin construction in mining in Tibet in 2005, successfully completed a 5,000 tons / year production line. The two companies are the 10000-ton lithium carbonate project planning, capacity almost equal to the size of the size of SQM. The completion of these projects put into production on the global lithium carbonate market impact is easy to foresee.
Can be seen, the global lithium carbonate price point is just quick-start projects face a breakthrough in China’s lithium carbonate, the late coming on stream of large-scale projects, the most likely to be driven lithium carbonate production in China’s large-scale projects as much as possible before the use of its monopoly Latitude D600 Battery power to earn more profits.
3.2 Price trend of late: prices are expected to return to the historical center
From Table 6 and Figure 2 shows, with the large-scale lithium carbonate projects in China gradually put into production, lithium carbonate or less balanced relationship between supply and demand will rapidly deteriorate in 2007 will be overcapacity in the global lithium carbonate 13.2 thousand tons, in 2008 the situation will deteriorate further, supply significantly exceeds demand, prices will inevitably lead to rapid decline.
For the release of capacity to focus on the impact of price shocks, an interpretation that since production concentrated in the hands of a few enterprises, these enterprises will ease the coordination of capacity utilization shocks. We doubt it.
China’s chemical industry has experienced more than capacity can focus on the release of earnings caused by a serious deterioration in industry conditions:
PVC industry by 2004 as high prices attracted a lot of money into the industry, resulting in 2005 annual production capacity can focus on the release, resulting in PVC prices from a high, sharp downturn, the whole industry into a downturn quickly, PVC sharp drop in economic efficiency of enterprises; polyester industry, along with a large number of poly – ester production competition, rapid deterioration of a substantial decline in product prices in the industry have also led to the rapid move toward a comprehensive loss-making situation.
Lithium carbonate products in spite of certain resources and technical barriers, but our values are readily available in Salt Lake is still a lot of mining, technology, inter CITIC Guoan, Tibet, outside the Salt Lake Mining Group, is also facing a breakthrough, trade barriers are gradually weakened, the industry is currently a high gross the interest rate is bound to attract more capital to intervene.
For the possibility of oligopolistic collusion, we believe that more difficult. Analysis of the income of the world’s leading companies constitute a lithium carbonate found that lithium carbonate in the main business of these companies share is very limited. 2005 SQM company’s main business revenue in the proportion Latitude D610 Battery of lithium carbonate and its derivatives, is only 9%, FMC Corporation’s lithium carbonate and its derivatives, the proportion of only 8%, lithium carbonate prices downward impact on its performance is very small.
In addition, the three giants in the development of downstream products of lithium carbonate have also been more successful, SQM in butyl lithium, lithium hydroxide involvement in the development of products such as deeper; FMC Lithium used in medicine, rechargeable batteries have a very major advantage; Chemetall lithium hydroxide, lithium hydride, and other lithium salts have a greater advantage of the development. Lithium carbonate is lithium salt, and other derivatives of the raw materials, lithium salts and other compounds added value is higher than lithium carbonate, especially in the field of medicine and battery products with high added value, these factories can be converted to the lithium carbonate More other high value-added lithium derivatives to eliminate lithium carbonate prices have fallen sharply negative impact.
Posted by admin on Oct 15, 2009
New energy cars: Who is the main market ups and downs
In January 2007, as one of North America’s largest auto Digital Camera Battery show in Detroit Auto Show is undoubtedly the major automobile manufacturers displayed charisma of a good time, and the new energy power cars have become a major highlight of the show.
With gasoline prices, together with the synchronization of global temperatures rise, more and more people will be looking into the environmental protection, for which car manufacturers are beginning to select out of the original model, for R & D, manufacturing, green energy vehicles approach.
The Motor Show only available with Toyota’s hybrid Camry, to further define its presence in the hybrid field of leadership. As the world’s top three car manufacturers, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler are also on display at the Detroit auto show of their new studies have long powered car.
With the reduction of non-renewable energy sources, environmental pressures and the growing urban population, the relative shortage of public facilities and resources, energy saving, environmental protection, including the automotive industry will be included in all areas of society are bound to follow a principle. To this end, hybrid vehicles, battery-powered cars and fuel-efficient cars repeatedly appear in people’s field of vision, it has also become a major auto companies for the future DSLR Battery Grip development directions.
In recent years, the rapid development of China’s automobile industry in 2005, total output of 5.07 million vehicles, ranking third in the world. The rapid development of automobile industry brought about negative effects has recently become increasingly prominent. The first is energy. Concerned is estimated that global oil reserves are only enough for 50 years and coal for 200 years, the energy supply is very tight. On the other hand, according to the report of the State Council Development Research Center, 2010 and 2020, China’s motor vehicle fuel demand will reach 138 million tons and 2.56 million tons, will be very tight supply-demand relationship. Problem of pollution has also become one of the problems our country need to be resolved. China’s big cities, automobile exhaust emissions, has become a major source of air pollution, the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides over 60%. With the increase in the number of cars will become increasingly serious. Resolve these two issues can only promote the use of clean energy vehicles.
Hybrid: a domestic R & D hot spot
Hybrid electric vehicles are using the traditional internal combustion engines and electric motors as power sources, the use of heat and electricity through a mix of the two systems to move their cars. Hybrid system is the most prominent feature of the oil, electric motors complementary mode. In the start-or low-speed driving, the car only to rely on the power-driven, this time the gasoline engine shut down, the vehicle’s fuel consumption is zero; when the vehicle speed increases (typically up to 40km / h and above) or in need of urgent acceleration, the gasoline engine and At the same time start the motor and start the output power; in vehicle braking, the hybrid power system can kinetic energy into electrical energy and stored in batteries to prepare for the next use of low-speed driving.
Available in early 2006, Chery A5, at this auto show with Chery Canon BG-E2N Battery Grip A5/ISG hybrid-type models appear, but also attracted a lot of attention. Chery is a moderate A513/ISG hybrid cars, powered by the ACTECO 1.3-liter engine, and one just larger than the average notebook computer fuel cell alternate drive, at idle and low speed, the use of fuel cell-driven, gasoline engine to stall work, that is no fuel, no emissions. Normal speeds when driven by gasoline engines, in the braking, the kinetic energy into electrical energy stored in fuel cells. It will more than regular gasoline-powered cars for more than 35% of fuel-efficient, emissions decreased by 50% or more.
In April 2006 Shanghai International Motor Show, has been shown the red flag over its self-developed hybrid car, accompanied by a FAW own research and development, with world-class brand of the liberation of the performance of hybrid city bus-like vehicle also passed the national “863″ Expert Group on major projects electric car project acceptance. July 27, 2006, Dongfeng self-developed hybrid buses passed inspection, and has become the first generation of hybrid goods vehicles with hybrid cars has also been completed prototype development. Changan Group also accelerated the hybrid electric vehicle off the assembly line process, developed with independent intellectual property rights of the antelope-like hybrid electric vehicles have produced cars, the first half of last year, Chang’s first hybrid vehicles already available. Chang has also successfully developed a hybrid engine, and soon will be used in own-brand cars CV9 on. August 26, 2006, SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the new energy vehicles, both sides will cooperate fully to speed up alternative energy, hybrid, fuel cell vehicles and other models of research and development.
In other countries, the development of hybrid technology is already very mature, and its introduction of the model are also in the world automobile market, occupies a place. Since 2003, the second-generation Toyota Hybrid Prius in Japan, the United States, Europe, Australia, available now, by virtue of a comprehensive and leading technology, the global cumulative sales of Prius has exceeded 420,000.
Electric cars are the 20th century’s greatest engineering achievements of the 20 pre-integration of the two technologies, namely, “electric” and “car” the integration of the product. It is not a new idea of contemporary people, its conception and early development of both fuel vehicles, but Canon BG-E3 Battery Grip because of the performance of fuel than cars, so that research and development work once a standstill. The 20th century 70’s energy crisis and oil shortage, but also to make electric vehicles won the vitality of the 20th century 80 years, as people on air quality and greenhouse effect concerns the study of electric vehicles into the unprecedented period of enthusiasm. From the 20th century, early 90’s, the world’s major automotive group, such as Ford, General Motors, Nissan, Toyota and so on, are electric vehicles pay a larger capital, and developed a variety of electric vehicles and electric vehicle concept car .
Electric vehicles in addition to energy, environmental protection and energy saving to demonstrate its superiority and have strong competitiveness, vehicle performance also showed a huge advantage. Fast torque response of electric vehicles to accelerate faster than fuel vehicles two orders of magnitude higher than the motor can be scattered distribution, by-wire electronic control technology, direct control of the wheel speed, easy to realize four-wheel independent drive and four-rotation.
Natural Gas Vehicles: Fuel Vehicles “statutory successor”
Natural gas is an ideal clean fuel vehicles. It fully shows the environmental, economic, security and strategic superiority in the world wide attention and rapid development. Natural gas vehicles has many advantages: excellent emission performance is conducive to protecting the environment; natural gas a significant reduction in vehicle operating costs, improving economic efficiency; natural gas extend equipment life, lower maintenance costs; natural gas safer than gasoline, etc. .
Since the last century, 30 years abroad, to carry out natural gas vehicle technology research, has formed a series of sophisticated matching technology, and develop into new industries. According to the 1998 International Conference on Natural Gas Vehicles statistics, more than 40 countries around the world have the development and promotion of natural gas vehicles, natural gas vehicles a total of more than 90 million units; estimated that by 2010, will be developed to 2000 to 30 million. Currently Canon BG-E5 Battery Grip the world’s nearly 3000 stations have been built, mainly in Russia, Canada, the United States, Britain, France, New Zealand and other countries.
In January 2007, as one of North America’s largest auto show in Detroit Auto Show is undoubtedly the major automobile manufacturers displayed charisma of a good time, and the new energy power cars have become a major highlight of the show.
With gasoline prices, together with the synchronization of global temperatures rise, more and more people will be looking into the environmental protection, for which car manufacturers are beginning to select out of the original model, for R & D, manufacturing, green energy vehicles approach.
The Motor Show only available with Toyota’s hybrid Camry, to further define its presence in the hybrid field of leadership. As the world’s top three car manufacturers, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler are also on display at the Detroit auto show of their new studies have long powered car.
With the reduction of non-renewable energy sources, environmental pressures and the growing urban population, the relative shortage of public facilities and resources, energy saving, environmental protection, including the automotive industry will be included in all areas of society are bound to follow a principle. To this end, hybrid vehicles, battery-powered cars and fuel-efficient cars repeatedly appear in people’s field of vision, it has also become a major auto companies for the future development directions.
In recent years, the rapid development of China’s automobile industry in 2005, total Canon BG-E6 Battery Grip output of 5.07 million vehicles, ranking third in the world. The rapid development of automobile industry brought about negative effects has recently become increasingly prominent. The first is energy. Concerned is estimated that global oil reserves are only enough for 50 years and coal for 200 years, the energy supply is very tight. On the other hand, according to the report of the State Council Development Research Center, 2010 and 2020, China’s motor vehicle fuel demand will reach 138 million tons and 2.56 million tons, will be very tight supply-demand relationship. Problem of pollution has also become one of the problems our country need to be resolved. China’s big cities, automobile exhaust emissions, has become a major source of air pollution, the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides over 60%. With the increase in the number of cars will become increasingly serious. Resolve these two issues can only promote the use of clean energy vehicles.
Hybrid: a domestic R & D hot spot
Hybrid electric vehicles are using the traditional internal combustion engines and electric motors as power sources, the use of heat and electricity through a mix of the two systems to move their cars. Hybrid system is the most prominent feature of the oil, electric motors complementary mode. In the start-or low-speed driving, the car only to rely on the power-driven, this time the gasoline engine shut down, the vehicle’s fuel consumption is zero; when the vehicle speed increases (typically up to 40km / h and above) or in need of urgent acceleration, the gasoline engine and At the same time start the motor and start the output power; in vehicle braking, the hybrid power system can kinetic energy into electrical energy and stored in batteries to prepare for the next use of low-speed driving.
Available in early 2006, Chery A5, at this auto show with Chery A5/ISG hybrid-type models appear, but also attracted a lot of attention. Chery is a moderate A513/ISG hybrid cars, powered by the ACTECO 1.3-liter engine, and one just larger than the average notebook computer fuel cell alternate drive, at idle and low speed, the use of fuel cell-driven, gasoline engine to stall work, that is no fuel, no emissions. Normal speeds when driven by gasoline engines, in the braking, the kinetic energy into electrical energy stored in fuel cells. It will more than regular gasoline-powered cars for more than 35% of fuel-efficient, emissions decreased by 50% or more.
In April 2006 Shanghai International Motor Show, has been shown the red flag over its self-developed Canon EOS 20D Battery Grip hybrid car, accompanied by a FAW own research and development, with world-class brand of the liberation of the performance of hybrid city bus-like vehicle also passed the national “863″ Expert Group on major projects electric car project acceptance. July 27, 2006, Dongfeng self-developed hybrid buses passed inspection, and has become the first generation of hybrid goods vehicles with hybrid cars has also been completed prototype development. Changan Group also accelerated the hybrid electric vehicle off the assembly line process, developed with independent intellectual property rights of the antelope-like hybrid electric vehicles have produced cars, the first half of last year, Chang’s first hybrid vehicles already available. Chang has also successfully developed a hybrid engine, and soon will be used in own-brand cars CV9 on. August 26, 2006, SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the new energy vehicles, both sides will cooperate fully to speed up alternative energy, hybrid, fuel cell vehicles and other models of research and development.
In other countries, the development of hybrid technology is already very mature, and its introduction of the model are also in the world automobile market, occupies a place. Since 2003, the second-generation Toyota Hybrid Prius in Japan, the United States, Europe, Australia, available now, by virtue of a comprehensive and leading technology, the global cumulative sales of Prius has exceeded 420,000.
Electric cars are the 20th century’s greatest engineering achievements of the 20 pre-integration of the two technologies, namely, “electric” and “car” the integration of the product. It is not a new idea of contemporary people, its conception and early development of both fuel vehicles, but because of the performance of fuel than cars, so that research and development work once a standstill. The 20th century 70’s energy crisis and oil shortage, but also to make electric vehicles won the vitality of the 20th century 80 years, as people on air quality and greenhouse effect concerns the study of electric vehicles into the unprecedented period of enthusiasm. From the 20th century, early 90’s, the world’s major automotive group, such as Ford, General Motors, Nissan, Toyota and so on, are electric vehicles pay a larger capital, and developed a variety of electric vehicles and electric vehicle concept car .
Electric vehicles in addition to energy, environmental protection and energy saving to demonstrate its superiority and have strong competitiveness, vehicle performance also showed a huge advantage. Fast torque response of electric vehicles to accelerate faster than fuel vehicles two laptop battery laptop batteries orders of magnitude higher than the motor can be scattered distribution, by-wire electronic control technology, direct control of the wheel speed, easy to realize four-wheel independent drive and four-rotation.
Natural Gas Vehicles: Fuel Vehicles “statutory successor”
Natural gas is an ideal clean fuel vehicles. It fully shows the environmental, economic, security and strategic superiority in the world wide attention and rapid development. Natural gas vehicles has many advantages: excellent emission performance is conducive to protecting the environment; natural gas a significant reduction in vehicle operating costs, improving economic efficiency; natural gas extend equipment life, lower maintenance costs; natural gas safer than gasoline, etc. .
Since the last century, 30 years abroad, to carry out natural gas vehicle technology research, has formed a series of sophisticated matching technology, and develop into new industries. According to the 1998 International Conference on Natural Gas Vehicles statistics, more than 40 countries around the world have the development and promotion of natural gas vehicles, natural gas vehicles a total of more than 90 million units; estimated that by 2010, will be developed to 2000 to 30 million. Currently the world’s nearly 3000 stations have been built, mainly in Russia, Canada, the United States, Britain, France, New Zealand and other countries.
Polysilicon shortage of domestic and foreign firms to build lines overweight Semiconductor
Polysilicon is a semiconductor integrated circuits and silicon-based solar cell materials, the chemical industry, metallurgy, and automatic control, comprehensive integration of the sector, but also capital and technology-intensive industries. In recent years, with the solar cell industry, the development of polysilicon production has also been rapid development. Some experts said that in order to address the constraints of China’s information industry and the development of photovoltaic power generation industry Inspiron 6400 Battery, bottlenecks, to meet the demand of domestic materials, in the next five years of construction with 2 ~ 3 tons polysilicon production lines is necessary.
And foreign firms competing to set foot in polysilicon production
Over the years, the world’s advanced polysilicon production technology has been under control in the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy and other countries in the hands of seven companies to form a technological blockade, monopolize the market. In 2005 the company the world’s major polysilicon output was 29.1 thousand tons, of which the semiconductor grade (EG) 20600 tons of solar grade (SG) 8500 Dun. While the actual demand for solar-grade polysilicon for the 14.5 thousand tons, seriously short supply.
In addition to the several companies have expansion plans, there is another recently announced that several companies are also involved in polysilicon production, such as Andalucia, Spain announced plans to invest 250 million euros to build Spain’s first polysilicon plant, expected construction period of 30 months, production capacity estimated at 2,500 tons; in February 2006, Norway, Elkem Solar Silicon Plant Elkem Fiskaa corporate takeover, plans converting solar high-purity silicon, the company is currently building a pilot production line and plans to form a kiloton scale; 2006 year in June, the Japanese Nippon Steel Corporation announced the establishment of Nippon Steel Yawata City Solar Energy Materials, Inc., to process metallurgy-based production of solar energy with 6N polysilicon plant production capacity of about 500 tons / year, is expected to be in the second half of 2007 into operation; Japan’s JFE Steel Corporation announced the annual production capacity of 100 tons of the pilot plant, using plasma flame, electron beam and the directional solidification method of removing impurity production of solar cells with polysilicon, and is working on the design scale of annual output of 500 tons to 1000 tons of productive plant; was also reported that South Korea’s DC Chemical announced it would invest 260 million U.S. dollars to establish the semiconductor and solar cell production plant with polysilicon, estimated production technology for the silanes law; Germany JSSI the company announced that it will build in the Rhein Fielden a factory producing polycrystalline silicon with silane is expected to put into operation in 2008, a capacity of 850 tons / year.
Solar-grade polysilicon shortage
China’s polysilicon industry started in the last century, 50’s, 60’s industrialization in Inspiron 640m Battery, Inspiron 700m Battery, Inspiron 710m Battery the medium term, to 70 years, manufacturers have grown to more than 20. However, due to backward technology, serious environmental pollution, consumption of large, high cost reasons, most of the enterprises have to stop production or converting loss. At present, the domestic polysilicon production in the old factories left Luoyang monocrystalline silicon factory, and Emei Semiconductor Material Factory (the), their total annual production capacity and output of about 100 tons of these products are mainly self-produced their own use. In addition, as the domestic semiconductor industry in 1990, before the small market for solar PV industry is small (basically not), but to build a polysilicon plant in large investment and long return period, the blockade of foreign technology and market monopoly and other reasons, resulting in domestic polysilicon production and technology research has been slow.
Up to now, there are conditions for polysilicon production unit in Luoyang Sino-silicon High-tech Co., Ltd., Emei Semiconductor Material Factory (the), Sichuan Xinguang Silicon Industry Technology Co., Ltd. three companies. End of 2005, Luoyang, 300 tons of high-tech companies in Silicon polysilicon production line has been officially put into operation, two of 1,000 tons production line expansion is also under construction, plans to expand to 3,000 tons of size, into the domestic industrial base silicon; the same time, Emei Semiconductor Material Factory Expansion The 200 tons of polysilicon production line also has been in operation; Sichuan Xinguang Silicon Industry Technology Co., Ltd. The total investment is 1.29 billion yuan annual output of 1260 tons polysilicon production line project is scheduled to put into production by the end of February 2007.
As the solar photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly, resulting in a large number of solar grade polysilicon shortage, therefore, at home and abroad polysilicon technology development trends and expansion plans, largely to meet the needs of silicon photovoltaic solar cells is characterized by the development needs of the industry. Due to short supply, in two or three years, the solar-grade polysilicon prices rose up to 250%, and from 2003 to 22 U.S. dollars / kg ~ 25 U.S. dollars / kg up to the current 100 U.S. dollars / kilograms. Polysilicon manufacturers and some foreign countries not only to China’s enterprises blocking techniques is still limited and the cut-off purchases to buy the phenomenon of polysilicon materials Inspiron 8500 Battery, resulting in some domestic manufacturers Dell Battery rush to buy polysilicon, polysilicon prices to the international market, two times (200 U.S. dollars / kg) or more. It forecast that in 2010, the global polysilicon market demand will be 7 million metric tons, or even, the world’s polysilicon production capacity to reach 100,000 tons, when the supply tension can be eased.
The next five years should no longer build more than 1000 tons-scale production lines
To address the constraints of China’s information industry and the development of photovoltaic power generation industry, bottlenecks, to meet the demand of domestic materials, in the next five years of construction with 2 ~ 3 tons polysilicon production lines is necessary. Facing the market’s rapid growth, domestic investment projects of enterprises polysilicon, “suddenly, such as spring night, the Trees 10000 Pear Tree to open”, such as Hubei, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Chongqing, Ningxia, Yunnan, Nanjing and Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, , Hunan, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities have many companies expressed an interest to enter the polysilicon industry, formed a investment boom. But should see: polycrystalline silicon materials industry, investment funds and technical barriers are high, a 1000 tons-scale projects, investments in more than 10 billion yuan, if the technology were not accepted, the product costs are high, the formation of blind investment and low-level Repeat the construction of the situation, then the industry will inevitably bring confusion, resulting in a waste of resources and energy to the enterprise and national losses.
In addition to traditional Siemens method, the domestic low-cost, low-power solar grade polysilicon new process technology development has also developed rapidly, and tend to produce low-purity solar-grade polysilicon technology and high-purity electronic grade multi – separate crystalline silicon in order to reduce the solar grade polysilicon production costs. The international community, such as using VLD method Tokuyama, Norway, Elkem, Japan’s Nippon Steel and other companies prepared by physical purification polysilicon, There are also a number of research institutes and enterprises engaged in such technology research. But for now, using physical Purification prepared directly from metallic silicon polysilicon products, the purity mostly 4N ~ 5N, while the solar cell to achieve a higher conversion rate, its crystalline purity silicon raw materials to reach at least 6N ~ 7N, so such technology requires further breakthroughs and enhanced. At the same time, it should study, and research as soon as possible to achieve scale, to promote the sustainable development of China’s polysilicon industry.
Posted by admin on Oct 14, 2009
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